tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88438688583356489582024-03-13T19:15:54.789+07:00The Future Of CivilizationThe fact of the past not like the fact now. The fact of the future based on the facts now. Let's look forward, The secret of world civilizationUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger23125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-53666705243353235872011-08-24T05:18:00.001+07:002011-08-24T05:19:34.504+07:00HD video of Earth live from space<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>HD video of Earth live from space</b>. Ask any astronaut about the view from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">space</b> and you're likely to get the same answer: The Earth is a gorgeous, crystal-clear eyeful. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">But for most of us on the ground, it’s a perspective not easily within reach. But that may change with a Canadian firm's quest to provide high-definition (HD) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">video</b> views of Earth from <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">space</b>. </span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Calgary-based company, UrtheCast (pronounced "EarthCast") is working with the Russia aero<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">space</b> company RSC Energia to build, launch, install and operate two cameras on the Russian module of the International <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Space</b> Station. The two Urthecast cameras — one medium-resolution and one high-resolution — are being built by the U.K.'s Rutherford Appleton Laboratories. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Energia is targeting a 2012 launch for the cameras. Once they're installed on the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">space</b> station, their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">video</b> of the Earth will be beamed to ground stations around the planet, and then displayed in near real-time on the UrtheCast Web platform or distributed directly to the company’s exclusive partners and customers. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">According to officials, imagery produced from the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">space</b> station will provide a 40 kilometer wide, high-resolution, color image down to as close as 3.6 feet (1.1 meters). The firm’s Web platform will allow users to constantly track the location of the ISS, anticipating when it will pass over a particular geographic location. Users will be able to search for <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">video</b>s of a particular location, type or theme. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Fast forwarding Earth, pause, skip, rewind </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"It's going to be a bit of a blend between Google Earth and YouTube," said Scott Larson, UrtheCast’s co-founder and president. "When you look at Google Earth, you’re basically seeing static images. What you're seeing with us is you’re seeing an image of the Earth scrolling by. So you will be able to fast-forward, pause, skip, rewind … you’ll be able to tag those <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">video</b>s,” he said. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Like a personal <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">video</b> recorder, users will have the ability to interact with the HD <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">video</b> feed in real time as it is fed from company servers. Those using the system will be able to zoom in and out, virtually steer the camera from side to side, rewind, and fast forward as they check out areas and things of interest on Earth. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> "Imagine Google Earth on steroids," said Cameron Chell, co-founder and director of UrtheCast's Web platform development. "It has the ability to capture political, environmental, economic or sporting events at potentially any given time." </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"This is going to affect more than the individual ... it's going to affect Earth," predicted Chell. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Beautiful oasis in </b><b>space</b></span> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UrtheCast was officially launched on June 28 at the Calgary Chamber of Commerce. As part of the kickoff ceremonies, Canadian astronaut Dave Williams provided an off-Earth view of looking at our planet. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"The Earth is a truly remarkable place …. and a beautiful oasis in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">space</b> — there's nothing like it," Williams said. "We have been blessed with such an incredible opportunity to make sure we protect the Earth for future generations. What better way to do that than to help people on Earth be able to experience the beauty of our planet first-hand by providing them with HD <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">video</b>?" </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Users will also be able to log onto the site for free, Larson said.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"The site will be free to use," Larson said. "We will be incorporating a sponsorship/advertising component that will allow us to recoup the investment, but certainly the site will be free to use." </span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://msnbcmedia1.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/110824-HDVideoPhoto-hmed-1200p.grid-6x2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="http://msnbcmedia1.msn.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Photo/_new/110824-HDVideoPhoto-hmed-1200p.grid-6x2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This photo of Earth from the International Space Station was taken by NASA astronaut Ron Garan, who has been blogging about the planet's beauty on his website Fragile Oasis. This image, taken on April 15, was Garan's first photo sent via Twitter</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Project status </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The total financing requirement to build, launch and install the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">video</b> cameras on the International <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Space</b> Station is priced at about $3 million. Also part of the venture is Canada's MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd., providing software, project management and engineering know-how to the endeavor. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"We are now in full production and engineering mode on the cameras, and actually we just returned from a series of technical meetings in Moscow," Larson told <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Space</b>.com. "From an engineering standpoint, things are going well and generally on track. Our Russian partners have confirmed that they want to take the cameras up in the late spring or early summer of 2012, so that is the schedule we are working around." </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In the meantime, Larson said that the group is working on the ground segment and determining how best to process and present the imagery from the cameras when the imagery gets on the ground. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"It is both challenging and exciting at the same time and the scope of the project is so broad that there is a continual learning curve," he said. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">As for how creative individual users might be in utilizing the equipment, Larson is bullish on the future. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"We think that they'll be very creative. People will do things like mow messages into crop fields, make up giant banners or have groups of people spelling out their messages," Larson suggested.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">At the same time, people will also develop applications that allow users to interact with the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">video</b>, Larson added. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"These apps might include programs that facilitate geo-caching, education, or geography. Our job is just to get the cameras up and then present the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">video</b> and pictures in a clean, user-friendly manner," Larson said. "The site users will determine what they want to do with it and how to make it compelling. That is what I’m excited about seeing."</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">HD video of Earth live from space. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Source : http://www.msnbc.msn.com</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-83833214989061024702011-08-04T00:34:00.000+07:002011-08-04T00:34:22.197+07:00The Important Historian Of Modern Age<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" /></a></div><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">1. </span></b></span><span title="Aliran Rasionalisme;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Rationalism Flow</b></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">a) Voltaire (1694-1778) </span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">One of the leading historian of rationalism is the flow of Voltaire (1694-1778) which was originally named Francois Arouet. </span><span title="Setelah menyelesaikan studi hukum ia memperluas sendiri studinya , pada bidang sastra, khususnya menjadi penulis pertunjukan tonel, epen (cerita kepahlawanan), cerita-cerita novel, risalah sastra essays, dan karya-karya historis.">After completing his law studies he extended his own studies, in the field of literature, especially the authors show tonel, Epen (heroism), stories of novels, essays of literary essays, and historical works. </span></span></div><a name='more'></a><span title="Namun demikian akhirnya ia mencurahkan hampir seluruh hidupnya untuk penelitian dan penulisan sejarah."></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">However, he eventually devoted almost his entire life to research and writing of history. </span><span title="Salah satu karyanya yang terpenting adalah “Esssay Sur les moeurs et L'esprit des nations' (adat istiadat dan jiwa bangsa-bangsa).">One of his most important is "Esssay Sur les moeurs et L'esprit des nations' (customs and spirit of the nations). </span><span title="Karya tersebut membuka pandangan baru orang-orang Eropa terhadap kebudayaan di luar Eropa dan cakrawala yang lebih luas lagi mengenai bangsa-bangsa lain.">The work opens new vistas of the Europeans against the culture outside of Europe and the wider horizons of other nations. </span><span title="Sebagai penganut rasionalisme Voltaire bertumpu kepada manusia sebagai pelaku sejarah dalam mencari fakta-fakta dan menyusunnya menjadi kisah sejarah.">As adherents of rationalism of Voltaire relying on humans as agents of history in the search for facts and compile them into historical narratives. </span><span title="Secara singkat dapat disimpulkan bahwa karya Voltaire itu mempunyai ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:">Briefly it can be concluded that Voltaire was to have the following characteristics:</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Cosmopolitan, that his views are broad and not tied to a place, a particular nation or ethnic group. Universal, which means people talk about or discuss in public. </span><span title="Gambaran manusia menurut kaum rasionalis (yang sekaligus humanis) adalah bahwa hanya ada satu manusia tanpa perlu membedakan ras maupun kebudayaannya.">Picture of man according to the rationalists (who once humanist) is that there is only one human being without distinction of race or culture. </span><span title="Kaum rasionalis juga menghendaki agar seluruh umat manusia menjalin suatu persaudaraan yang besar.">Rationalists also wants all mankind to establish a great fraternity.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Voltaire's work is not arranged chronologically, but are thematic, which contains a picture of the lifestyle or human civilization which is a new trend in European historiography at that time.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">The materials used to construct his work derived from the essay or ethnographic writings, stories of trips made by the adventurous world traveler such as Tome Pires, Pinto, Marcopollo, Baros and so on. </span><span title="Dengan demikian buku tersebut lebih banyak berisi gambaran atau diskripsi mengenai masyarakat atau suku-suku bangsa yang pernah dikunjungi para petualang seperti Teluk Parsi, Malaka, Cina, Malabar, India dan sebagainya.">Thus the book is more of an overview or description of people or tribes who once visited by adventurers such as the Gulf of Persia, Malacca, China, Malabar, India and so on. </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Another Historical works of Voltaire is:</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Histoire de Charles XII (1731)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Le Siecle de Louis XIV (1751)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext">Histoire de la Guerre de 1741 (1755)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Histoire generale depuis Charlemagne jusqu '`a nos jours (1756)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">And more famous is the "Essay sur les moeurs et l'esprit des nations et sur les principaux faits de l'histoire depuis Charlemagne jusqu ' a Louis XIII</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Histoire de l'empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand (1760-1763)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext">Philosophie de l'histoire (1765)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Precis du Siecle de Louis XV (1768).</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
<span class="longtext"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span title="b) Montesquieu (1689-1758), dilahirkan dengan nama charles-Louis de Secondat di istana La brede di Bordeaux.">b) Montesquieu (1689-1758)</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Montesquieu (1689-1758), born with the name of Charles-Louis de Secondat in the court of La Brede, Bordeaux. </span><span title="Di kota ini ia belajar hokum dan sampai tahun 1726 ia memang bekerja sebagai ahli hukum.">In this city he studied law and until in 1726 he did work as a jurist. </span><span title="Ketika pada tahun 1716 ia menjadi anggota Academie di kota kelahirannya, ia mencurahkan karyanya 'discours de reception' pada politik orang-orang Romawi mengenai religi.">When in 1716 he became a member of the Academy in his hometown, he devotes his 'Discours de reception' on the politics of the Romans about religion. </span><span title="Karya pertamanya yang termasyur adalah Lettres Persanes (1721), tidak berkaitan dengan sejarah.">His first works are renowned Persanes Lettres (1721), not related to the history. </span></span><span title="Baru dalam karyanya yang besar dan terkenal yaitu Esprit des lois (1748), diformulasikan mengenai ide 'esprit général', merupakan sejarah filsafat yang sangat menarik."></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">New in his work a great and famous Esprit des lois (1748), formulated the idea of </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">'esprit General', is a very interesting history of philosophy. </span></span><span title="Disamping itu karya tersebut juga banyak berisi raia mengenai ilmu politik dan sosiologi.">Besides, these works also contain Raia much about political science and sociology. </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Teorinya yang terkenal mengenai sistem ketatanegaraan adalah Trias Politica, yaitu sistem pembagian/ pemisahan kekuasaan dalam suatu negara demokrasi menajdi 3 yaitu: eksekutif, legislatif dan yudikatif.">His theory is known about the state system is Trias Politica, the system of division / separation of powers in a democratic country that is an advanced three: executive, legislative and judicial branches. </span><span title="Sebagai seorang ahli tata negara ajaran-ajarannya banyak dipraktekkan dalam pemerintahan di negara-negara Barat.">As an expert on state administration in his teachings widely practiced in government in Western countries. </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
<span class="longtext"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span title="c) Thomas Hobbes, yang juga bisa dikategorikan sebagai ahli tata negara mengajukan suatu pemikiran bagaimana suatu masyarakat itu harus di atur, dan siapa yang harus memegang kekuasaan.">c) Thomas Hobbes</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Thomas Hobbes, which can also be categorized as an expert in state administration proposed an idea how a society should be set, and who should hold power. </span><span title="Ajarannya yang terkenal adalah “Homo homini lopus”.">The teaching is the famous "Homo homini lopus". </span><span title="Dalam hal kekuasaan teori Hobbes cenderung bersifat absolutisme, yaitu bahwa kekuasaan itu harus dipegang oleh seorang raja yang kuat.">In terms of power tends to absolutism of Hobbes's theory, namely that power must be held by a strong king.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
</span><span class="longtext"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span title="d) J.J.">d) J.J. </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Rousseau, yang juga bisa dikategorikan sebagai tokoh yang beraliran romantisme.">Rousseau</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Who also could be categorized as an homage to romantic figure. </span><span title="Ia mengemukakan bahwa selain rasio, kekuatan manusia juga terdapat dalam sentimen dan kemauannya.">He argues that in addition to the ratio, the strength of man is also present in the sentiment and will. </span><span title="Dalam hal ini ia berbicara mengenai kemauan umum, yang merupakan teori demokrasi.">In this he talked about the general will, which is the theory of democracy. </span><span title="Menurutnya kekuasaan itu sebenarnya pada mulanya terdapat pada setiap individu dalam masyarakat.">He said power was actually initially present in every individual in society. </span></span><span title="Akan tetapi oleh karena adanya kemauan bersama akhirnya ditunjuk seorang mandataris untuk memimpin.">However, because there will eventually be appointed with a mandate to lead.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"></span><span title="Aliran Positivisme">Positivism flow</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Powered by rationalism in Europe at that time later developed what is called positivism, which was pioneered by August Comte, who is also known as the Father of Social Sciences. </span><span title="Positivisme adalah suatu aliran pemikiran (kejiwaan) yang mengajarkan bahwa ilmu harus dapat membuat hukum-hukumnya.">Positivism is a school of thought (mental) who taught that science should be able to make its laws. </span><span title="Dengan demikian hanya ilmu yang dilengkapi dengan hukum-hukumnyalah yang berhak diakui sebagai ilmu pengetahuan.">Thus the only science that comes with the right of the law recognized as a science. </span><span title="Oleh karena itu ilmu-ilmu seperti ilmu sosial, seni termasuk sejarah juga harus mampu menyusun hukum-hukumnya.">Therefore sciences such as social sciences, arts, including history should also be able to make its laws. </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
</span><span class="longtext"></span><span title="Dalam filsafat sejarahnya Comte membuat suatu periodisasi sejarah menjadi 3 jaman yaitu:">In Comte's philosophy of history makes a periodization of history into 3 times, namely:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span class="longtext">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Age Theology, which is an era where people just believe that everything in this world is driven by super natural powers.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span class="longtext">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Methafisis era, the era in which men still believe there are forces beyond the physics that does not appear to be the driving dynamics of this life.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Jaman rasionalisme, yaitu jaman dimana manusia hanya percaya bahwa dinamika di dunia ini, termasuk benda-benda mati, kekuatannya terletak pada hukum alam itu sendiri.">Age of rationalism, which is the age in which humans only believe that the dynamics in the world, including inanimate objects, its strength lies in the nature of law itself. </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
<span class="longtext"></span><span title="Salah seorang pengikut Agust Comte yang terkenal adalah Henry Thomas Buckle, dengan karyanya yang berjudul “History of Civilization in England”.">One of his followers in August Comte is the famous Henry Thomas Buckle, with his work entitled "History of Civilization in England". </span><span title="Buku itu berisi sejarah perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan tehnologi dengan mencari faktor-faktor pendorongnya.">The book contains the history of the development of science and technology by looking for the factors driving force. </span><span title="Dalam buku itu ia mempertanyakan mengapa Ilmu Pengetahuan berkembang dengan pesat di Eropa, khususnya di Ingris daripada di belahan bumi lainnya.">In it he questioned why Science is growing rapidly in Europe, particularly in Britain than in the other hemisphere. </span><span title="Jawaban yang diajukan ialah bahwa iklim, kondisi tanah menjadi faktor pendorong utama dari kemajuan Eropa.">The answer proposed is that of climate, soil conditions became the main driver of European progress. </span><span title="Jawaban semacam itu tidak lain karena dipengaruhi oleh rasionalisme dan positivisme filsafat sejarah Comte.">Such answers are not others as influenced by rationalism and positivism of Comte's philosophy of history.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
</span><span class="longtext"></span><span title="Sejarawan lain yang cukup terkenal adalah N.D.F.">Another fairly well-known historian is N.D.F. </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="de Coulanges dengan bukunya yang berjudul “The Ancient City”.">de Coulanges with his book "The Ancient City". </span><span title="Dalam buku itu ia menyatakan bahwa penulisan sejarah Yunani dan Romawi sangat dipengaruhi oleh agama (Kristen Abad pertengahan).">In the book he states that the Greek and Roman historical writing is strongly influenced by religion (the Christian Middle Ages). </span><span title="Selanjutnya dalam bukunya yang berjudul “History of the Political Institutions of Ancient France” (1870) ia menyatakan bahwa sejarah hanya bisa direkonstruksi dari dokumen-dokumen.">Furthermore, in his book "History of the Political Institutions of Ancient France" (1870) he declared that history can only be reconstructed from the documents. </span><span title="Gagasan Coulanges yang sedemikian itu ternyata diikuti dan bahkan dikembangkan oleh Lang Louis dan Charles Seignobos yang terkenal dalam karyanya yang berjjudul “An Introduction to the Study of History” yang sesungguhnya merupakan buku teori dan metodologi sejarah.">Coulanges Such an idea was followed and even developed by Louis and Charles Lang Seignobos famous in his work with title "An Introduction to the Study of History" which is really a book of theory and methodology of history. </span><span title="Menurut kedua sejarawan tersebut bahwa kenyataan masa lampau hanya bisa dilukiskan kembali berdasarkan dokumen-dokumen sejarah yang ada.">According to two historians is that the reality of the past can only be described again based on historical documents that exist. </span><span title="Istilah yang sangat populer mengenai hal itu adalah “no ducument no history”.">The term is so popular about it is "no ducument no history".</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><span class="longtext"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span title="3.">3. </span><span title="Romantisisme">Romanticism</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">As a reaction to positivism and also because the flow is driven by the nationalist movement, then comes what is called the flow romanticism. </span><span title="Dalam sejarah penulisan sejarah atau historiografi, istilah 'romantik' lebih berkaitan dengan sudut pandang politik romantik, yaitu visi yang konservatif mengenai negara dan masyarakat.">In the history of writing history or historiography, the term 'romantic' has more to do with political point of view of romanticism, namely the conservative vision of the state and society. </span><span title="Dalam hal ini muncul pendapat-pendapat dan perasaan-perasaan anti revolusi, terutama yang ditujukan kepada revolusi Perancis.">In this case appeared opinions and feelings of anti-revolution, especially those addressed to the French revolution. </span></span><span title="Sebagai alasannya adalah bahwa revolusi Perancis yang sangat spektakuler itu ternyata telah menyimpang dari cita-cita semula."></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">As the reason is that the French revolution turned out to be a very spectacular has deviated from its original ideals. </span><span title="Kebebasan dan persamaan hak (demokrasi) yang dicita-citakan dalam revolusi itu ternyata mengingkari rasionalisme, karena gerakan massa dalam revolusi Perancis telah banyak melakukan pembantaian besar-besaran, khususnya terhadap para bangsawan Perancis.">Freedom and equality (democracy), which aspired to in the revolution turned out to deny rationalism, since the mass movement in the French revolution has been doing a lot of carnage, especially against the French nobility. </span><span title="Disamping itu sebagai salah seorang tokoh revolusi Napoleon telah tampil menjadi penguasa ditaktor dan imperialis yang menjajah dan menguasai bangsa-bangsa Eropa lainnya.">Besides, as one of Napoleon's revolutionary leaders have appeared to be ruling dictators and imperialists who colonized and control of other European nations. </span><span title="Sifat irrasional dan dampak negatif revolusi Perancis itu akhirnya membangkitkan sentimen negatif dan memunculkan semangat nasionalisme dari bangsa-bangsa Eropa yang terjajah .">The nature of irrational and negative impacts of the French revolution that eventually give rise to negative sentiment and bring the spirit of nationalism of the European nations who colonized. </span><span title="Dalam hal itu setiap bangsa Eropa menjadi lebih tertarik kepada kebudayaan mereka sendiri.">In the event that any European nation to be more attracted to their own culture. </span><span title="Oleh karena itu mereka terdorong untuk menggali sejarah dan kebudayaannya sendiri, termasuk di dalamnya adat istiadat, hukum, seni, sastra , cerita rakyat, mitos cerita kepahlawanan dan lain sebagainya.">Therefore they were compelled to dig their own history and culture, including customs, law, art, literature, folklore, myth of heroism and so forth. </span><span title="Semuanya itu sebagai manifestasi dari ketertarikan masa lampau mereka sendiri (romatisme) dan nasional.">Overall it was a manifestation of interest in their own past (romanticism) and national.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
</span><span class="longtext"></span><span title="Penulisan sejarah romantis adalah produk dan produsen dari historisme.">Romantic historical writing is the product and manufacturers of historicism. </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Sedangkan romantik adalah berkaitan dengan kesadaran historis dan dan spirit untuk mempelajari dan menulis masa lampaunya miliknya sendiri (daerahnya, negerinya, sukunya atau bangsanya sendiri).Revolusi-revolusi politik memang telah membangunkan kesadaran historis dan historisme selama abad 19.">While romanticism is related to historical consciousness and spirit and to study and write his own past (region, country, tribe or nation itself). Revolutions are indeed political and historical consciousness has been awakened during the 19th century historicism. </span><span title="Namun demikian sesungguhnya belum ditemukan definisi pasti mengenai historiografi romantis.">Yet truth has not been found definite definition of romantic historiography. </span><span title="Hhanya bisa dijelaskan bahwa sebagai bentuk rekasi terhadap positivisme dan rasionalisme aliran romantisisme menyatakan bahwa tidak benar rasio itu merupakan prinsip yang menentukan segalanya.">Only be explained that as a reaction against positivism and rationalism, romanticism flow ratio incorrectly states that it is a principle that determines everything. </span></span><span title="Terdapat faktor yang dilupakan oleh kaum rasionalis yaitu sentimen, emosi atau perasaan.">There is a factor that is forgotten by the rationalists of sentiment, emotion or feeling. </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Oleh karena itulah pendukung romantisisme juga merasa simpati terhadap budaya abad pertengahan, dengan alasan bahwa segala sesuatu yang dimiliki bangsa Eropa pada waktu itu (kebudayaan Eropa) juga berakar (berasal) dari Abad Pertengahan.">That is why supporters of romanticism also feel sympathy for medieval culture, arguing that anything that is owned by Europeans at that time (European culture) is also rooted (derived) from the Middle Ages. </span><span title="Dengan demikian mereka melakukan penilaian baru terhadap kebudayaan Abad Pertengahan yang semula diberi cap sebagai abad gelap dan kebodohan oleh kaum rasionalis.">Thus they make a new assessment of medieval culture which was originally labeled as a dark century and stupidity by the rationalists. </span><span title="Artinya pada masa itu muncul kebutuhan akan nostalgia terhadap masa lampau yang diromantisir dengan kesan-kesan serba indah dan baik.">This means that at that time appeared a need for nostalgia to a romanticized past with impressions of a beautiful and well paced. </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
<span class="longtext"></span><span title="Di Jerman gerakan Romantisisme ini telah memunculkan perhatian luar biasa terhadap sejarah negara, daerah atau wilayahnya sendiri.">In German Romanticism movement has given rise to tremendous concern to the history of the country, region or its own territory. </span><span title="Para intelektual secara beramai-ramai melakukan penelitian atau penggalian kembali terhadap hukum, cerita rakyat, kesenian, sejarah dan sebagaianya yang merupakan warisan leluhur mereka, yang kesemuanya itu dilacak proses perkembangannya menurut perspektif sejarah.">The intellectuals are abuzz do research or digging back to the law, folklore, art, history and others which is their heritage, all of which tracked the process of development according to the historical perspective. </span><span title="Gejala inilah yang memberi cap baru pada bagian kedua abad 19 yang terkenal dengan istilah “historisisme”, yaitu aliran pemikiran yang sangat dikuasai oleh perspektif sejarah dalam meneliti berbagai aspek kehidupan bangsa baik dalam bidang hukum, filsafat, kesenian, ekonomi, politik dan sebagainya.">These symptoms are given a new stamp on the second part of the famous 19th century by the term "historicism", the school of thought that is controlled by a historical perspective in examining various aspects of national life both in the field of law, philosophy, art, economics, politics and so on.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
<span class="longtext"></span><span title="Di Inggris dalam karyanya yang berjudul “The Codex Diplomation Aevi Saxonisi” atau “The Saxon in England” (1849), John Mitchell Kemble menceritakan asal mula kebudayaan Anglo Saxon, khususnya budaya politiknya.">In England in his work entitled "The Codex Diplomation Aevi Saxonisi" or "The Saxons in England" (1849), John Mitchell Kemble tells the origins of Anglo-Saxon culture, especially political culture. </span><span title="Menurutnya budaya politik Anglo Saxon berasal dari adat kebiasaan petani Anglo Saxon yang mengadakan persekutuan berdasarkan ide kebebasan.">According to Anglo-Saxon political culture comes from the Anglo-Saxon custom of farmers who held a fellowship based on the idea of </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">freedom. </span><span title="Itulah yang kemudian berkembang atau menumbuhkan adanya masyarakat bebas di Inggris, yang berarti bukan karena terpengaruh oleh revolusi Perancis.">That which then evolve or grow the presence of a free society in the UK, which means not influenced by the French revolution. </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
</span><span class="longtext"></span><span title="Selanjutnya Frederichh D.">Next Frederichh D. </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Maitland dan Pallocks menulsis “history of English Law to 1272, yang isinya mengenai sejarah hukum di Inggris yang dikatakan berasal dari perkembangan alami di Inggris.">Maitland and Pallocks write "history of Classic Law to 1272, the contents of the history of law in the UK are said to derive from a natural progression in the UK.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
</span><span class="longtext"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span title="4.">4. </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Leopold van Ranke Sebagai Perintis Metode Sejarah Kritis">Leopold van Ranke Pioneer Method For Critical History</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Since the advent of the humanists in the Renaissance era marked a milestone or a Western European early modern era, the scientific study of history becomes more advanced. </span></span><span title="Hal itu terutama disebabkan oleh semakin banyaknya usaha-usaha penelitian sejarah pada abad 17 dan 18.">This was mainly due to the increasing number of research efforts in the history of 17th and 18th centuries. </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Namun demikian hal itu belum sepadan dengan usaha untuk penulisan sejarah dan karya sintesa sejarah yang mampu dihasilkan.">However, it is not worth the effort for the writing of history and works of historical synthesis that can be generated. </span><span title="Demikian juga dalam pendidikan universitas belum ada pendidikan kejuruan bagi para mahasiswa sejarah (sejarawan).">Likewise there is no university education in vocational education for students of history (historians). </span></span><span title="Walaupun telah terdapat professor-profesor sejarah, andil universitas dalam pengembangan ilmu sejarah kurang menonjol.">Although there has been a professor, associate professor of history, the share of universities in the development of historical science is less prominent. </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Baru pada abad 19 dan 20 terjadi perubahan yang mendasar, dimana peranan dari universitas sangat besar.">Only in the 19th and 20th centuries a fundamental change, where the role of universities is very large. </span><span title="Dan sebagai pionir dalam hal itu adalah Leopold van Ranke dari Jerman.">And as a pioneer in that it is Leopold van Ranke from Germany.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
<span class="longtext"></span><span title="Aliran romantisisme yang cenderung mengarah kepada pengagungan terhadap kebudayaan sendiri, dalam bidang hitoriografi mengakibatkan subyektivitas yang cukup menonjol dalam penulisan sejarah.">The flow of romanticism that tends to lead to the glorification of the culture itself, in the field of subjectivity historiography result is quite prominent in the writing of history. </span><span title="Oleh karena itu muncul reaksi dari seorang tokoh perintis metode sejarah kritis yaitu Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886).">Therefore, the reaction came from a prominent pioneer of critical historical methods of Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886). </span><span title="Sesudah menyelesaikan studi teologi dan filologi klasik di Leipzig (Jerman) ia menjadi guru bahasa-bahasa klasik di Frankfort a.">After completing theological studies and classical philology in Leipzig (Germany) he became professor of classical languages </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">in Frankfort a. </span></span><span title="d.">d. </span><span title="Oder.">Oder. </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Pada tahun-tahun itu ia menunjukan perhatiannya yang besar pada penulis-penulis sejarah klasik, namun demikian sebagai rhasil perenungan dan pemikirannya ia mengajukan kritik-kritik yang tajam atau komentar-komentar yang negatif terhadap para sejarawan lama pada jamannya yang beraliran romantis.">In those years he showed great attention to the writers of classical history, however, as reach reflection and thought he made a sharp criticism or negative comments against the historians of his time a homage to the old romantic. </span><span title="Dalam hal ini mengajarkan bahwa peristiwa-peristiwa yang sunguh-sungguh terjadi adalah lebih menarik daripada ceritera yang diromantisir.">In this case teaches that the events are sincerely happened is more interesting than the story is romanticized. </span><span title="Oleh karena itu ia memutuskan untuk menolak semua semua gambaran yang bersifat khayalan dalam karya-karya sejarah dan hanya berpegang teguh pada fakta-fakta.">Therefore he decided to reject all images that are all a fantasy in historical works and just stick to the facts.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
<span class="longtext"></span><span title="Pada tahun 1824 terbit buku Ranke yang pertama (buku yang kedua tidak pernah terbit), yang berjudul Geschichten der romanischen un germanischen Volkër (sejarah Jerman dan rakyat Jerman), yang meliputi periode 1494-1514.">In 1824 Ranke's first published book (The second book was never published), entitled romanischen un germanischen Geschichten der Volker (German history and German people), which covers the period 1494-1514. </span><span title="Dalam buku itu ia melukiskan dan membandingkan sejarah Jerman dengan kelebihan-kelebihannya seperti yang dimiliki bangsa Romawi yang kuat.">In the book he describes and compares the history of Germany with strengths like those of the powerful Romans. </span></span><span title="Pada masa itu ia masih bisa dikategorikan sebagai pengikut romantisisme."></span><span class="longtext">At that time he could still be categorized as a follower of romanticism. </span></div><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Yet he himself really well aware of it, so that's why the second book was never published. </span><span title="Artinya ia menyadari bahwa dalam karya sejarah yang romantis itu mengandung subyektivitas yang tinggi, sementara ia menghendaki untuk mengembangkan metode penelitian sejarah kritis dengan cara menyelidiki 'kredibilitas sumber' (kritik sumber).">This means that he realizes that in the work of the romantic history that contains a high subjectivity, while he wanted to develop a method of critical historical research by investigating the 'source credibility' (source criticism). </span><span title="Mottonya yang terkenal dalam penelitian dan penulisan sejarah adalah bahwa sejarawan seharusnya berpegang pada “wat ist eigenlig geschicte” (apa yang sesungguhnya terjadi).">Widely known in the research and writing of history is that historians should be adhered to the "ist eigenlig geschicte wat" (what happened). </span></span><span title="Hanya dengan cara itulah maka kebenaran akan masa lalu bisa diungkapkan.">Only in that way then the truth of the past will be revealed.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
<span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><span class="longtext"></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Karya-karya Leopold von Ranke sebagai perintis metode sejarah kritis pada jaman modern, terutama yang berisi mengenai gambaran pertumbuhan negera-negara modern Eropa antara lain:">The works of Leopold von Ranke as a pioneer of critical historical methods in the modern era, especially those containing the picture of the growth of the modern countries of Europe, among others: </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter Reformation</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Die romischen Papste, IHR Ihre Kirche und Staat im 16. </span></span><span title="und 17.">und 17. </span><span title="Jahrhundert, Neun Bucher preussischer Geschichte.">Jahrhundert, Neun Bucher Geschichte preussischer</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Vornehmlich Französische Geschichte im 16. </span></span><span title="und 17 Jahrhundert.">und 17 Jahrhundert</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Vornehmlich Englische Geschichte im 17. </span></span><span title="Jahrhundert">Jahrhundert</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext">Weltegeschichte (discussing the antiquity and Middle Ages)</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Ranke in his career is not only famous as a great researcher and the perfect chronicler of his time, but he also holds the honor in education for the historians. </span><span title="Ia adalah yang pertama-tama merintis menyelengarakan pendidikan program kejuruan Sejarah pada Universitas Berlin.">He was the first pioneer organizes vocational education program at the University of Berlin history. </span></span><span title="Usaha itu pertama-tama dilakukan dengan penyelengaraan seminar-seminar (ubungen) mengenai filologi klasik.">The effort was first made with the provision of seminars on classical philology. </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Pada kesempatan itulah ia mengadakan pelatihan-pelatihan kepada orang-orang muda mengenai metode historis, melalui cara kontak langsung dengan sumber-sumber sejarah.">On that occasion he held a training to young people about the historical method, by way of direct contact with sources of history. </span><span title="Latihan-latihan praktis dan metode kritis filologi itu tidak lain adalah metode kritis penelitian teks, yang menjadi inti pendidikan kejuruan (sejarah) universitas.">Practical exercises and critical methods of philology is no other method of research critical text, which became the core of vocational education (history) university. </span><span title="Itulah kemudian yang dikenal dengan istilah Rankeschuler atau Rankean Schoool">That was then known as Rankeschuler or Rankean Schoool.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
<span class="longtext"></span><span title="Dari seminar-seminar yang dikuti para mahasiswa itu akhirnya menghasilkan lebih dari 100 sejarawan yang berkwalitas.">From the seminars that followed the students were eventually produced more than 100 qualified historians. </span><span title="Beberapa murid Ranke yang cukup terkenal dan memikiki nama-nama besar dalam sejarah hukum dan lembaga-lembaga pemerintah Abad Tengah antara lain:">Some students are quite famous and Ranke memikiki big names in the history of law and government institutions Middle Ages, among others:</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Georg Waitz (1813-1886), who later became Professor at Kiel</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Friedrich Wilhem Giesebrecht (1814-1889), had been a professor at Konigsberg and later in Munich. </span><span title="Wilhelm Wattenbach (1819-1897), menggantikan kedudukan Waitz setelah meninggal.">Wattenbach Wilhelm (1819-1897), replacing the Waitz after death</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><span class="longtext">-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Heinrich von Sybel (1817-1895), had been a professor in Marburg, Munich and Bonn. </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><span class="longtext"></span></span></div><span title="Namun demikian ia sendiri sesungguhnya juga menyadari akan hal itu, sehingga itulah sebabnya bukunya yang kedua tidak pernah terbit."><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The method of Ranke documents first hand position is essential and irreplaceable. </span><span title="Tanpa dokumen-dokumen tersebut tidak akan ada sejarah dan studi sejarah “Was nicht in de Akten, hat nicht gelebt”.">Without these documents there would be no history and historical studies "Was nicht in de Akten, hat nicht gelebt". </span><span title="Dengan dokumen-dokumen itu masa lampau dapat direkonstruksi kembali dalam kenyataan individual yang konkrit, dan juga dengan kepastian dan tidak memihak.">With the documents of the past can be reconstructed in concrete individual realities, and also with certainty and impartiality. </span><span title="Walaupun ada yang menyebut metode Ranke itu sebagai realisme yang naïf, namun demikian perlu dimengerti bahwa Ranke menyadari sepenuhnya obyektivitas bagi para sejarawan hanyalah merupakan cita-cita yang harus diperjuangkan (streefdoel).">Although there is mention Ranke's method as a naïve realism, however, need to understand that Ranke fully aware of the objectivity of the historian is simply an ideal to strive (streefdoel). </span><span title="Menurut Ranke bahwa sejarah terdiri dari periode-peride jaman yang masing-masing mempunyai tendensi dan idealnya sendiri-sendiri.">According to Ranke that history consists of periods of time-periods, each of which has a tendency, and ideally on their own. </span><span title="“Alle generaties zijn voor God gelijkberechtigd”">"Alle zijn voor God generaties gelijkberechtigd".</span></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-81143512601070437962011-08-04T00:32:00.001+07:002011-08-04T00:32:46.670+07:00Historical Background Of Modern Historiography<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" /></a></div><span class="longtext">Seen from the point of cultural development, is really a milestone in the renaissance or early modern era of Western European history, marked by the emergence of leaders humanist thinkers, including the Machiavelli. </span><span title="Mereka itu terdiri dari para kaum intelektual, sastrawan, filosof, ilmuwan, seniman dan sebagainya.">They consisted of the intellectuals, poets, philosophers, scientists, artists and so on. </span><span title="Walaupun hanya terdiri dari kelompok kecil saja, namun demikian gagasan-gagasan mereka benar-benar telah membangkitkan semangat (jiwa) baru dan jaman baru, sehingga mereka itu juga sering disebut dengan istilah kelompok minoritas kreatif.">Although it only consists of a small group, yet their ideas have actually been encouraging (people) new era, so they were also often referred to as a creative minority groups.</span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span title="Gagasan-gagasan mereka itu juga menimbulkan semangat kewiraswastaan (enterpreneurship) dalam arti luas, baik dalam bidang keilmuan, perdagangan, sastra, seni, politik, filsafat dan lain sebagainya, sehingga masa itu disebut dengan istilah sebagai jaman kebangkitan.">Their ideas were also raises the spirit of entrepreneurship (entrepreneurship) in the broad sense, both in the field of science, commerce, literature, art, politics, philosophy and so forth, so that time is termed as the era of the resurrection. </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Sebagai contoh yang paling menonjol dalam hal itu adalah munculnya seorang pemikir Rene des Cartes yang terkenal dengan ucapannya “cogito ergosum” yang artinya “saya tahu jadi saya ada.” Maksudnya adalah bahwa pangkal dari eksistensi manusia adalah karena adanya kesadaran dari manusia itu sendiri, dimana">The most prominent example in that regard was the emergence of a thinker Rene des Cartes who famously said "cogito ergosum" which means "I know so I exist." The point is that the base of human existence is because of an awareness of the man himself, where </span><span title="segala sesuatunya bersumber dari pada rasio (rasionalisme).">everything comes from the ratio (rationalism).</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
<span class="longtext"></span><span title="Dalam bidang kebudayaan, menurut J.">In the field of culture, according to J. </span><span title="Romein seorang filosof Belanda menyatakan bahwa sampai kira-kira tahun 1500an di dunia ini terdapat 3 kebudayaan besar yang bergerak sejajar yaitu kebudayaan India, Asia dan Barat.">Romein a Dutch philosopher said that until about the 1500s in the world this year there are three major cultures that move parallel to the culture of India, Asia and the West. </span><span title="Namun demikian setelah jaman renaissance dan humanisme peradaban Eropa mengalami penyimpangan dari pola umum, yaitu berkembang dengan pesat meninggalkan peradaban lainnya di muka bumi ini.">However, after the time of renaissance and humanism of European civilization have deviations from the general pattern, which is growing rapidly leaving the other civilizations on earth. </span><span title="Sebagai hasilnya adalah bahwa pada abad 19-20 kebudayaan Barat mampu menunjukkan superioritasnya terhadap kebudayaan Timur.">As the result is that the 19-20 century were able to demonstrate superiority of Western culture towards Eastern culture.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><br />
<span class="longtext"></span><span title="Faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan penyimpangan dari pola umum itu adalah sebagai berikut:">The factors that cause deviations from the general pattern is as follows:</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Rationalism, a school of thought that considers that the ratio is the main force, the fundamental or the source of human civilization. </span><span title="Rasionalisme timbul sebagai akibat kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan yang didasarkan atas daya pikir manusia.">Rationalism arise as a result of advances in science that is based upon the power of human thought.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Reformation, a religious movement (Christianity) is powerful and driven by the development of rationalism and humanism. </span><span title="Sampai tahun 1500an Eropa masih disatukan dalam payung agama Kristen di bawah pimpinan Vatikan di Roma.">Until the 1500s Europe was still united under the umbrella of Christianity under the leadership of the Vatican in Rome. </span><span title="Menurut ajaran gereja Romawi disebutkan bahwa tidak semua orang boleh dan dapat membaca Injil karena merupakan hak (monopoli) kaum rohaniawan.">According to the teachings of the Roman church is mentioned that not all people can and can read the Bible because it is right (monopoly) of the clergy. </span><span title="Sebaliknya kaum rasionalisme mengajarkan bahwa semua orang dibekali rasio, sehingga bila mengehendaki dan dengan cara belajar juga memiliki kemampuan membaca Injil.">In contrast the rationalism taught that everyone is equipped with a ratio, so that when wants and by learning also has the ability to read the Gospel. </span><span title="Sehubungan dengan hal itu muncul tokoh-tokoh reformasi yang memprotes monopoli agama oleh gereja Romawi antara lain M Luther King, Zwingli, Calvin, Melanchton dan sebagainya.">In this regard it appeared figures who protest the monopoly of religious reform by the Roman church, among others, M Luther King, Zwingli, Calvin, Melanchthon, and so on. </span><span title="Mereka berpendapat dan berjuang bahwa setiap individu boleh membaca dan menterjemahkan Kitab Suci (Injil).">They argue and fight that every individual can read and translate the Scriptures (the Bible). </span><span title="Di sinilah nampak penonjolan individu yang dinilai tinggi, sehingga dalam perkembangan selanjutnya memunculkan faham individualisme.">This is where the visible protrusion of individuals who are highly rated, resulting in the subsequent development raises ideology of individualism.</span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Nationalism, namely the reform movement of Luther and his friends against the church in Rome to propagate the Gospel translations into various languages </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">in order to be read and understood by everyone. </span><span title="Pada waktu itu Injil masih ditulis dalam bahasa Latin, demikian juga dalam upacara-upacara keagamaan juga digunakan bahasa Latin yang sudah merupakan bahasa mati.">At that time the Gospel was written in Latin, as well as in religious ceremonies is also used Latin, which is already a dead language. </span><span title="Sebagai hasilnya terjadilah gerakan penterjemahan Injil dalam berbagai bahasa seperti Inggris, Jerman, Perancis, Spanyol, Portugal, Belanda dan lain sebagainya.">As a result there was movement of the Gospel translations in various languages </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">such as English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch and others. </span><span title="Ternyata gerakan penterjemahan itu juga mendorong munculnya gerakan-gerakan nasional, sehubungan dengan setiap bangsa di Eropa ingin menggunakan bahasa mereka masing-masing dalam memahami, menghayati dan mengamalkan agama yang bersumber dari Injil.">It turns out that the translation movement also encouraged the emergence of national movements, with respect to every nation in Europe want to use their own language to understand, appreciate and practice the religion that comes from the gospel. </span></span><span title="Sebagai akibat lebih lanjut muncullah faham nasionalisme di Eropa yang kemudian mendorong menculnya negara-negara nasional.">As a result of more schools of nationalism arose in Europe which then encourages the came national States. </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span title="Demikian juga walaupun belum secara terbuka agama Kristen sudah mulai terpecah-pecah menjadi beberapa aliran sebagai akibat perbedaan interpretasi dalam memahami Injil yang sudah banyak diterjemahkan ke dalam berbagai bahasa.">Likewise, although not openly Christianity already fragmented into several streams as a result of differences of interpretation in understanding the Gospel that has been widely translated into many languages. </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span class="longtext">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span class="longtext"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">Ekspansy, namely the expansion both in the field of economics, politics, geography and culture in general of the European nations all over the world since the 1500s. </span><span title="Hal itu terutama didorong oleh ledakan petualangan orang-orang Eropa ke seluruh penjuru dunia dan berhasil menemukan dan memperkenalkan benua-benua baru bagi bangsa Eropa.">This was primarily driven by the explosion of European adventures around the world and managed to find and introduce new continents for Europeans. </span><span title="Keberanian mereka itu tidak lain disemangati oleh jiwa enterpreneurship dalam arti yang luas.">Their courage is no more encouraged by the spirit of entrepreneurship in the broadest sense. </span><span title="Tujuannya adalah keinginan untuk kehidupan yang lebih baik dan kemajuan.">The goal is the desire for a better life and progress. </span><span title="Beberapa petualang tersebut yang bahkan di anntaranya pernah sampai ke wilayah Indonesia antara lain Marcopolo, Pigavetta, Pinto, Tome Pires dan sebagainya.">Some adventurers are that even like never get to the territory of Indonesia, among others, Marco Polo, Pigavetta, Pinto, Tome Pires and so on. </span><span title="Laporan para petualang itu ternyata membuka mata bangsa-bangsa Eropa akan adanya dunia lain di luar Eropa dengan peradapan dan kebudayaan yang tidak kalah majunya, antara lain Mesir, Cina, Asia Barat, India dan lain sebagainya.">Report of the adventurers turned out to open the eyes of the nations of Europe will be of another world outside of Europe with civilization and culture are no less advanced, such as Egypt, China, West Asia, India and others. </span><span title="Hal itu selanjutnya membangkitkan kesadaran akan kerelatifan atas kebudayaannya sendiri yang semula dianggap satu-satunya paling baik dan benar.">This in turn raise awareness of the relativity of their own culture which was originally considered only the best and most correct. </span><span title="Oleh karena itu mereka juga terdorong untuk mengkaji kebudayaan mereka sendiri, termasuk tradisi dan religi yang sampai waktu itu masih dianggap sebagai suatu kebenaran mutlak.">Therefore they are also encouraged to examine their own culture, including traditions and religion which until that time still regarded as an absolute truth. </span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-63159975869027338012011-08-04T00:32:00.000+07:002011-08-04T00:32:08.214+07:00The Historian Of The Renaissance<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">The main character (the central of humanism / early Renaissance in Italy was Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374), born of the family were born in Arezzo Toscaanse. That's what allows him to collect important manuscripts, and personal classic library has no equal . After completing his law studies, he worked on many great scholars at the papal palace. but then returned to his homeland in the province of the province of Vaucluse.</span></div><a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">This is where he studied classical culture and simultaneously aspire to revive the culture of Classical Latin. At that time he wrote Liver de viris illustribus, ie speech or poem of praise for the political fame of the Romans from Romulus to Titus, of Alexander de Grote, Pyrrus and Hannibal. At that time he also wrote poems about the Second Punic War, and devote greater attention on Aemilianus Scipio Africanus, particularly the African epic. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Leonardo Bruni (1369 - 1444), is a true figure as the founder of humanistic historiography in Italy. Besides studying law at Florence he also learned Greek well. Since 1415 he worked for 10 years in office (embassy) Pope. In 1415 he worked in government service and in 1427 was appointed chancellor. Bruni was first a humanist who could read and translate the original language karya2 of the authors of Greece (Aristotle, Plato, Demosthenes, Xenophon, Plutarcus). He is also working on / translate books into Latin Polybius on the history of Punic War I and the work of Procopius of destruction of Italy by Justinian. In Latin he wrote the life (biography) Cicero and Aristotle, while Dante and Petrarca in Italian.<br />
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As a historian, Bruni was the first Italian who greatly influenced by Greek historiography. The main work of historiography and history of the first humanistic city is Historiaum Florentini populi Libri XII (12 historical books resident Florence). Work of history covering the period of 16th century and the beginning of the establishment of the city (with a calendar that is not rigorous), mimic or follow the style and model of Livius and writing, Thucydides and Sallustius.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> Except for the last three volumes of his book he also used the works of the Middle Ages chronicler Giovanni Villani, including their sources. What is also important to peep is that it uses some of the antique texts, including Cicero's, that therefore he repaired Villani writings on the history of Florence. According to Bruni, Florence was not founded by Julius Carear, but by veterans of Sulla. Besides, he argued that the collapse of Rome was as a result of attacks by orang2 / German tribes.<br />
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Renaissance figures / humanistic other is Lawrence or Lorenzo della Valla Valle (1407-1457). Valla who came from Rome, better known as linguists and literature rather than as a historian. After completing his studies he became Professor of moral philosophy at Pavia. Productive years are between 1437-1448, that when he was still serving as secretary in Napels of the king Alfons I (= Alfons V of Aragon, + 1458). By Valla also humanism to known in the palace. <br />
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The most important literary works (because it has not been associated with history) and famous is Elegantiae latinae linguae, which discussed the problems of Classical Latin literature. As a work of history is Historiarum satu2nya Ferdinandi Aragoniae Regis Libri III, in which a profiled on personal life (biography) father the king Alfons, and more khusdus and which she liked best was about skandal2 king. In his work entitled Declamatio de Constantini donatione (speech on given Constantin) became very famous because it contains criticism histories. With a rhetorical style, which amplifies the charter that the emperor Constantin de Grote has recognized the legitimacy of Pope Sylvester I on the Western Roman Empire declined or not recognized as not authentic. <br />
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Valla new things done in the work is the analysis or argument filologisnya. With a description and analysis of anatomical sciences and languages Martial Arts (text analysis) he stated that the language of the text in the certificate was not 4th century Latin language support, which means false. On the other side with Declamatio Valla has pragmatic objectives in the interest of the ruling royal Napels, namely to Pope Eugenius IV tuntutan2nya release that are not considered legitimate world power of the kingdom Napels.<br />
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The truth of the deed it has also been since the war Investituur, mainly based on juridical argumen2, is hotly debated. In the council at Basel in 1431) for example, Nicolaas van Cusa (1461) in his study based on teks2 tulisan2 gereja2 ancient scribes and the ancient teks2 Concordantia catholica (the unity of the Catholic), was also doubted the truth of that certificate. <br />
Historian recent renaissance Italy is Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527). He was born in Florence, and since 1494, when Florence was occupied France, he served as a clerk in the field of high politics in the republic of Florence. When the Medici returned in 1512 he was imprisoned. <br />
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After his release he devoted his attention to political philosophy, historiography and literature. His book is very well known is Il Principe (Lord, King), is a kind of textbook on political power, summary pidato2 lectures from authors ancient (Greek), the experiences works including kegagalan2nya. The book is filled with historical contoh2, but little or nothing to do / deal with historiography. <br />
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As political lesson, it teaches that in order to maintain and control the order and restore social order then the power must be held by people who are strong. Doctrine is that to achieve that goal the way, means, facilities and infrastructure of any lawful. Such idea was actually inspired by the chaotic state of the city of Florence at that time. According to the size of the modern era (now) it is considered to have abandoned the doctrine of morality and humanity. <br />
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Machiavelli's books which can be regarded as works of historical and Discorsi Istorie Florentine. For the former the Istorie Florentine (History of Florence}, written or command (request) Florentin university, described how the state of the city of Florence is colored by conflicts between groups (clique-clique), chaos, tricks, class conflict, war, repression to fight over the interests and wealth groups. Conflicts and intense competition that in turn lead to inequality (inequality) between people who are rich and poor. <br />
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To resolve these conflicts Machiavelli proposed a political theory that is necessary the creation of a strong power based military force to create social order so be enforced community organizations, law and justice can be implemented equally irrespective of class. Besides, he also proposed the theory of state based political system are: <br />
1. Monarchy: <br />
- Monarchy Dispotis (Turkey)<br />
- The tyranny of monarchy in the kingdom of Saragossa<br />
- Feudal monarchy in France <br />
2. Republic:<br />
- Republican Aristocracy in Venice<br />
- Democratic Republic in Ancient Rome<br />
3. In between there is a form of monarchy and the Republic of Oligarkhy <br />
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Machiavelli also proposed the theory of the division (distribution) of wealth in a society with a system called meritocracy. What is meant is that the distribution of wealth in society should be based on merit or skills (merit) are donated each individual. Besides, everyone should be treated equally before the law (equality) and the law itself must be objective. Therefore, the theory states that Machiavelli proposed above, then he got the title as the Father of Political science.</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-85510120623203478832011-08-04T00:28:00.001+07:002011-08-04T00:28:58.061+07:00Renaissance Historiography<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" /></a></div><div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In 1000’s there has been a major and protracted war known as the Crusades. As the cause is because the "holy land" (Israel today) in turns occupied or ruled by the kings of Islam. Western Christian societies and who consider the holy land as their own trying to capture it from its Islamic rulers. In the war of the Christian soldier is using the signs of the cross on their clothing and weaponry, as are indeed led by the Christian king.</span></div><a name='more'></a><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Prolonged crusade took place, even the western nations who came to Indonesia in the 16th century end still overwhelmed by the atmosphere of war. As a result the occurrence of conflicts with Islamic traders from the Middle East who have first come to Indonesia and also with the local Muslim rulers. However there are also positive impacts of the war, namely the occurrence of cultural contacts, and more than that Europeans began to open and recognize the cultural heights Midle East and Asia. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">They witnessed the luxuries that are not found in Europe, new commodities such as spices, pepper, cloves and others. They also finally admitted that that in the field of handicrafts, arts, technology, Middle Eastern and Asian nations were no less advanced in comparison to European nations. Further development is the occurrence of trade contacts between East and West are very profitable Western nations. Trading cities arose in Western Europe such as Venice, Leevant, Bologna etc. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cities are growing trade with all its wealth and luxury, but also mutually independent (autonomous), such as cities in Greece. Competition between the city unavoidable, even if necessary by using military force to seize and control the surrounding towns. That is why every city tried to at least defend themselves by using a mercenary army. This is what ultimately drives the emergence of commercial military units that can be rented by anyone who could afford it, which is called the mercenary (Condittier). As a result of further disturbances erupted (anarchism) in the cities of the rich merchant. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">On the other hand people in the wealthy cities began to doubt or at least questioning their own culture which had been considered the most superior (Christian) in all the earth by studying the collections of libraries in monasteries and churches. Finally, they rediscover the works of Greek culture is very impressive, whether it be literature, philosophy, architecture, story heroism, science and so on. Started that's when Western European nations actually go back to look back to the days of Greece and Rome, which marked the mighty change that view of life or inspired by Greek culture, and commonly known by the term Renaissance. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Understanding the most common and simplest of the renaissance is: the rediscovery or rebirth ('renasci' from the Latin word which means born again) from the culture antique (ancient Greek), including the historians. Compared with the time of the Middle Ages can be said there are no studies that really over ancient history, and knowledge of antiquity in the West at that time was very limited. Despite the influence of Greek historical writing of the history of the Middle Ages, but the effect was limited to only a few writers or historians. In the Renaissance at least as much as three-fourths of Latin literature was rediscovered. That is more than enough literature and historiography, Greek born again. It also like connection with the contacts with the Kingdom of Greece Bisantium. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In the renaissance era of education based on the works of ancient literature, including the writing of history and moral philosophy, referred to as 'humanity' (as the term emerging humanism in 19th century), while teachers in the study of "humanistic" since the late 15th century called the term 'umanista'. Unlike the writers of the medieval era, the humanists wanted to learn all the antique authors. In fact they want to take itâ sense of style and beauty of antique antique. The movement to rediscover and respect for ancient cultures to perform maintenance resources so long as the original state can be arranged at first it only happened in Italy in the early 14th century. It was not until the early 15th century it was also done in other countries such as Britain, Germany, Netherlands and so on.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Contrary to the Middle Ages, Renaissance era have culture characteristics as follows:</span></div><ol style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: small;">Anthropocentric, namely the view that assumes that human life is the center of everything in this world, so that the good and bad things in this world, as well as human history is determined or centered on the man himself.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span>Secular, the worldly view of life, where everything is measured or oriented to the life of the material world.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Diesseitigheit, the worldview that assumes that the most important thing in life is precisely in this mortal world. Motto is "carpidiem" which means enjoy life.</span></li>
</ol>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-82628653948908882902011-08-04T00:28:00.000+07:002011-08-04T00:28:10.883+07:00The Historian Of The Middle Ages<div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" /></a></div>One of the famous historian who was Cassiodorus, a high official of the imperial court of the East Goths Theodorik tribe. But he himself is a Roman Catholic who was hired by the king of the Goths. He actually means descendant of the Syrians, but had long since their ancestors worked as a high official in the Roman empire. He also studied at the school "liberals Artes (art that is free, ie retorica, grammar and dialectic). As is the custom of his ancestors is an official who is also a historian, he also became historians. His first book is Chronika, which is the book's political origins of the crown prince of Emperor Eastern Goths before the year 519. Therefore have political views or mission, then it is not reported on the birth of Christ and the fall of Western Roman Empire.</div><a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify;">After not become high officials in connection with the takeover by the emperor Yustnianus Italy, Cassiodorus was still writing a longer work that is / are from the official surat2 very much when it was still an officer was entitled Variae His work, which can be regarded as a publication that sumber2 tertua.Ketika history he also had religious awakening (to convert to Christianity), and after it was mainly busy with the culture. For more than a quarter century, although he himself was not a monastery, he studied the Bible, the history of the disciples of Jesus and the Author2 antique. Results of studies compiled in an essay entitled Institutiones. In the Latin edition of his works under the name well know exclesiastica of Historia Historia tripatita, which is nothing but the history of the church.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cassiodorus also mingle with the expert archival whales, chronoloog and religious jurist (canonist) Dionysius Exiguus. Although not a historian Dionysius writes karya2 dogmatic, churches and hagiografis (about holy orang2) .. Besides, he also took part in the discussion Liber de Paschate, namely regarding Paasdatuum and he entered the Christian calendar, namely counting years since the birth of Jesus ("Anno Incanationis" or "Anno Domini" which is abbreviated as AD). Although Dionysius has membat mistake by placing the birth of Christ terlamsbat 3-7 years (in fact Christ has been born a few years of a Christ / AD), however, gradually in the Middle Ages it was received only.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the palace of the Pope also made the writing of a biography of Pope known as Liber pontificalis (Whale book). With the title was then in the writing of history 1886-1892 reign of the pope also made / followed by the French church historian Louis Duchesne (+1922), which since the year 500 until the death of Van Pope Martin V (+ 496 (). Likewise in Rome by Pope Gregory the Great (540-604) also written the history of the saints (hagiografi) as an already ancient tradition, namely dialogy de vita en miraculis patrum italicarum (dialogue about life and the wonders / miracles of the saints or saint of Italy).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">One historian as well as a philosopher at the time of the Roman church is the famous Aurelius Augustine (345-430). He was appointed pastor of the church in Roman North Africa in 391 and became bishop in 395. He has studied at an advanced education and professor of Roman classics in the field of rhetoric. However, teaching is more famous in medieval times, so he uga commonly referred to as the Middle Ages historian. In his religious philosophy he states that "the revelation of truth above (overcome) the thinking mind. He also stated that there should be mutual understanding between da sense of trust, and where possible sense it confirms the belief.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">One of Augustine's famous work is "De Civitate Dei" (city of God) which comprises 22 volumes ditullis in 412-426. It actually works in connection with pernyataan2 orang2 heathen / pagan, when the occupation of Rome by Alerik (410) nengakibatkan acceptance of Christianity became the state religion. More generally the book is an essay with a discussion between Christian orang2 orang2 pagan Gentiles about God's role in the attack or dewa2 meraka orang2 bencana2 that befell Germany and Rome. Augustine started from the "defense of the city (the city of God) against all orang2 dewa2 that puts them above the Creator." In 10 books of The former he is about providing answers to musuh2 of the holy city, and he shows the social and psychological powerlessness of the pagan religion it. History shows that the Roman pagan religion that does not guarantee the Empire free from disaster. Romawidatang greatness of the One true God.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Augustine's other works include "Confessions" (recognition of his life), "Cristina doctrine" (Christianity) and "Catechizandis Rudibud (religious instruction for the do not know).</div><div style="text-align: justify;">His work, entitled De Civitate Dei actually an apologia (defense) in relation to the allegations of the disbelievers who say that the Roman destruction caused by Christians who do not worship the Gods, so condemned by the Gods. He also rejected the teachings of Plato da skepticism about the soul imprisoned in the body. According to the Lord created the general principles of the soul. Besides that at the time created the soul already have knowledge, only later will continue to be built daripengalaman concrete life. The human soul is not an emanation of God, will be created by uhan etapi on the basis of the free will of God.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Some of the works of Augustine, among others, "De Civitate Dei" (city of God), "Confessions" (recognition of his life), "Cristina doctrine" (Christianity) and "Catechizandis Rudibud (religious instruction for the do not know). His work, entitled De Civitate Dei actually an apologia (defense) in relation to the allegations of the disbelievers who say that the Roman destruction caused by Christians who do not worship the Gods, so condemned by the Gods. He also rejected the teachings of Plato da skepticism about the soul imprisoned in the body. According to the Lord created the general principles of the soul. Besides that at the time created the soul already have knowledge, only later will continue to be built daripengalaman concrete life. The human soul is not an emanation of God, will be created by uhan etapi on the basis of the free will of God.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-61626834800326127612011-08-04T00:27:00.000+07:002011-08-04T00:27:48.692+07:00Historiography Middle Ages, Background Of The History And Culture<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span>History of Medieval Western Europe marked the end of the Roman empire, as a result of the displacement nations since the fifth century in Europe because of the insistence tribe Mongolia in central Asia, especially tribal Huns. One of the main causes of displacement nations it is the climate or weather in Central Asia are experiencing a prolonged dry and hot season. As a result is dwindling or scarce food source and sustainer of life, so tribe nomads in the region experienced great difficulties in sustaining their lives.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a name='more'></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">One of the most important tribes inhabiting Central Asia is a Mongol tribe, which in the fourth century began to leave their territory to the North China, and even in the year 308 -352 succeeded in establishing the kingdom Siung-Nu. However, the Mongol tribe is then driven by the Toba tribe We, that therefore they began to move to wander back to India and even to Western Europe. In India the Mongols attacked Gupta empire, and then also move stormed Raiput in North India, and even settle in the region.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In contrast to the direction of movement of the Mongol tribe, the tribe of Huns moved to wander toward the West and even to Western Europe, a chronological outline is as follows:</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">a.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>First they attacked the Persians, especially over the kingdom Sasanid.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">b.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>From Persia they move into Eastern Europe via the Caspian and along the Danube river and secured the area around it, especially Hungary, and in successfully mennuju 375 into southern Russia and finally to Western Europe.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">c.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>In Russia the tribe of the Goths drove south west near the river Dajepr and Eastern Goths in the west of the Black Sea. As a result the tribe of West Goths into Roman territory around the Danube, while the tribe of the East Goths into Italy.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">d.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Hans tribe is further moving towards Hungary and expel tribe Germania and other tribe. As a result of urging the tribes Germanic tribe of Huns were forced out of Hungary and eventually move towards areas of Rome. This period is, is the beginning of diikiuti kemundiran and then with the collapse of the Roman Empire.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Movement and attack particular ethnic Huns into Eastern Europe that resulted in local tribe terdesaknya tribe Germania is forced to move or get out to western Europe which is the Roman Empire. People daru tribes who moved into the West Goths Roman territory suffered much persecution by Roman people who consider them as migrants and instead considers tribes and feel themselves as indigenous. </div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">As a result frequent rebellions of course met with oppression. One tribal leader that drives the West Goths in the Roman rebellion is taking place Aleric alternating between rebellion and repression during the years 395-410. In Greece they are driven by the Greek emperor Arcadius, the emperor even send ppasukan to attack Italy, so the Romans were defeated in 410. As a result of these Goths moved again to another area which is in Southern Gaul and Northern Spain. However, the wave of migration Germanic tribes that moved into the area of the Roman empire is continuing, and even other leading tribe Germania is tribe Vandals, Bourgondia, Franks, Alamanni, and Lombard.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Vandals special interest that are well known for the repression, after being expelled from Rome in 410mereka moving to Spain under a boss named Genserik. Of the tribe of southern Spain in the year 429 the Vandals invaded Africa and trap captured and occupied Cartago. It appears from this North African tribe of Vandals aims to wreak revenge against the Romans who had deposed him. This is evident from their attacks against Italy in the year 455, followed by burning down the city of Rome. After that besides menetapp in Africa, they also settled endiami Sardinia and Corsica.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">For the other Germanic tribes that Bourgondia and Franka,, together with the West Goths and Alamanni tribes settled in Gaul. In this place they were still disturbed by the attack of the tribe who settled in Hungary Huns under Attila pimppinan. Accordingly But with the death of Attila in 453 at the time attacked the Gaul, the Huns tribes settled for good in Hungary and not doing more to tribe serangan2 Germania. In Britain (UK) came tribe other Germania namely Angeli, Sax and Yut, who previously occupied the area around the Elbe and Den Marck.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">During its development, tribe Germania who flocked to the Roman territory turned out to gradually reduce the area of Roman power, because the government in Rome that started weak unable to dispel the attack tribe Germania. Even many people Germania used as soldiers of the Roman empire with their consideration of it has advantages in terms of military or war. However people Germania is growing like parasites on the Roman walalupun even a gradual and long they overran the Roman. This happened in the reign of Romulus in 476 Agustulus which was removed from his throne by people Germania under the leadership Odovaker. Even Odovaker appointed himself as Emperor of Germania domiciled in Italy. The incident is the end of the reign of the Western Roman Empire.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In terms of development of historiography, in ancient Greece when the center of the development and writing of Western history is still centered around the Mediterranean, however, by division of the Roman Empire (Western Roman and Byzantine), followed by the disappearance of some parts of the Western Roman empire which was replaced by Germania-kingdom, then there is a new constellation of Western historical writing, both in terms of geographical, political and intellectual. In terms of geographical constellation was moved from the Mediterranean to Italy. From the political side of the emerging new center of powers, namely those Germanic tribes invaded and settled in Italy, the East Goths (Ostrogoten), Langobardia. In the islands there Iberian tribes Git Vision (visigoten = West), Vandal tribe. In Gallia is a tribe of Franks, Burgondia, whereas in the UK are tribes Saksen and Angelo.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Ages Medieval Europe also commonly referred to as "the dark century and also the" centuries of ignorance. "Term has connotations that the society in those days were in darkness or ignorance. Century the term actually means darkness or ignorance was provided by the rationalists of 18th century Europe, the tela experienced the Enlightenment, Enlightement or Aufklarung. They are looking at medieval society (8-13) based on the viewpoint or perspective of their human rationalist. In contrast with their opposite, the role of medieval society and the ratio is no less prominent role in the development of human culture, that culture does not develop (low) or experiencing backwardness and ignorance. Such cultural situation of course also influenced by the "soul time" that can be known from the view of the world (live) from the Middle Ages, namely:</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Theosentrisme, that view of life centered on God, in the sense that human life is centered on God, and God who set up both as an individual human life and society. In this case the role of God uga had set human history.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Providence, the worldview that considers that everything in the world and everything is running according to brencana Lord (God Plan). Passion is a warning to humans. Factor is always associated with God all things, as well as history is always returned to God.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Yenseitigheit, yaityu view of life that emphasizes life in heaven or the hereafter alasm. Atinya the most important thing in life is to prepare for life in the world (natural) death.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Thus it can be said that the soul of the people of medieval times is spiritual. In this respect all life and guided by community originate in the teachings of religion (Christianity). In the field of historiography and philosophy of history at the time it occurred to confusion, since medieval historiography is influenced by religion, a philosophy of history is marked by a spirit of religion. Therefore historical work produced at that time generally in the form of religious history, the history of saints, the history of creation and so on.</div><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-68021461191619505302011-08-04T00:26:00.000+07:002011-08-04T00:26:44.578+07:00Roman Historiography<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" /></a></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"></div><b style="font-family: inherit;">a. Historical Background</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In the era of classical Greece there is no such profession solely as a historian. Most of them are now referred to as real historians have such major work as government officials, senators, army officers, imperial treasurer, and usually write their work if it has stopped working. Thus it can be said that they often write down what the experience or what they are doing, especially if their freedom as a writer while still working very actively obstructed or limited. This was especially true during the reign of the Roman emperors. However, some historians are trying to take distance from the authorities in order to gain freedom in writing, an attitude not uncommon to have to pay for it with their lives.</div><a name='more'></a><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Just as in ancient Greece, the Roman era historians with the exception of Polybus, really like and appreciate literature. Besides, as a literary scholar they are good storytellers and writers so that menghaslkan rhetorical history, dramatic and psychological. It should also be understood that the writing of history is not science, but as a branch of literature are beautiful and based on such properties, they are conspicuously give place to the classical culture. As the experts in real literature, the history of the Roman era writers have the habit of publishing history that preceded or begin with the reading of the manuscript are open to the public. So that also occurs in Herodotus, and still occur later in the eighth century historian Ammianus Maecellinus.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Unlike the first generation of the Greek historian, interested in things that are cosmopolitan, the Roman historian usually knows only one theme, namely Rome. But in case it should be remembered, compared with the Greek state which is politically divided into regions (poleis) of small, Roman Punic war has evolved since the widespread and relatively global. In an overview of Roman history that began with "absolute" that is by founding the city of Rome, but also with great attention to the latest Roman times, can be found forms annalistik wide, while kronikrelatif rare. Highlights of his time it usually ends in themselves (the author). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">By universal history which not only within the framework of Roman history can only be found in the work Trogus.Untuk recent times the Romans or the events of the contemporary Roman writers, many monographic study found, for example, Memoires (warnings) and historien (story ysang more detail about the events of today) or sometimes referred to as Annalen.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In general it can be said that the development of Roman historiography was in line with the historical development of the Roman Empire. Hence the most important works in this era a lot to do with Roman history, since the emergence of later through growth, glory, and ultimately up to its collapse.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>b. Leaders of the Roman historian</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>1. Polybius (208-126 BC)</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Although life in Roman times, yet in fact he (Polybius) Greeks. He lived in splendor and at the same time the beginning of the decline of Athens and Sparta, but it is also the founding or development of the Roman Empire. Before writing his history historiai he also had a career as a politician and military. He was born in the megalopolis, which is Greek in the Arcadia area. He comes from a family including prominent. In the year 167 BC, because his family thought to be involved in anti-Roman movement, along with thousands of other prisoners as Sandra was taken to Italy. But in Rome is specially treated, and may even end up living in Rome. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">During that time he hangs out with orang2 from the upper classes, among others, with Cato and Scipio Aemilianus friends with, an admirer of Greek culture. In times of prisoners to 17 years actually Polybius has started a plan to write history, starting from the Romans since the emergence and expansion of the Second Punic awalPerang until when he was taken to Italy.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">For a half century before he collects saksi2 sumber2 by interviewing local people, and with archival research bahan2. Besides, he had also started to use the official teks2. After getting permission to go home to his country Polybius lived with Scipio Aemilianus (148-146), and participated in the siege and destruction of Cartago. Not long after that he also followed the siege and eventually fall Korinthe (146 BC). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">So he is a witness of both these events. In the same year (to 140 BC) Polybius also held important perjalanan2 ie: along the Atlantic coast, from Morocco to Portugal and then to Egypt through the country. At that time he devoted to writing historiai their concern.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Most famous works of Polybius is in the form of 40 books containing the history of Roman expansion, which in it is described how the Roman Empire managed to conquer the whole of Western Europe. According to Polybius that the Romans are the foundation of military strength, which is mainly supported by a large fleet, the regular organization of advanced weaponry and technology according to the size of the time, so they can reach out and subdue the nations of Asia Minor.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Besides the wars, the work of Polybius also contains about politics, conquests and power. His analysis is profound about the historical development of his theory of the politics of the Roman empire. According to Polybius on the Roman imperial government initially took the form of monarchy, that is where the power of the state located entirely in the hands of the king. However, because of the growing trade in Roman society, then the system politiknyapun turned into aristocracy, which in this case the political power in the hands of prominent people who sit in government. The third is a democracy, where the royal leader elected by the Senatus, namely those who have a certain old ortang influence of power holders in society. But elected leaders in its development is usually crush the (coup) of power entrusted to him so pemerintahanh re-shaped the monarchy. Thus in Roman history occurred cyclically in the power system.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>2. Edward Gibbon (1737 - 1794)</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Gibbon was an English historian, who had also been a member of British Parliament who writes about the collapse of the Roman Empire Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1737-1788). According to Gibbon that the Roman Empire is very large and powerful it was gradually experiencing the fragility of dalam.-further explains that in the heyday of Roman society at the same time also began to decline (decadence) in the field of morale. As the cause is because the Romans were very spoiled or too much given the opportunity to dissipate and have fun, which is known by the term "bread" and "game". </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">This means that it was excessive in meeting the need for food (subsistence), the Romans also entertained with performances in Collesium, such as the human race (gladiators) against animals, humans and other human opponents. Thus, although physically the Roman civilization was higher than the tribes or nations other in Europe, but in terms of morale demkiann actually in decline, or even bias was said to be civilized. At times like that the Romans could not withstand the attacks of other tribes who considered the bars by the Romans.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Regarding the theory of Gibbon, a modern historian Max Weber states that reject the theory tersebutdan explanation: that the collapse of the Roman mainly due to minority Christians who managed to influence the leaders of Roman society.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Other Roman historians figure that is quite famous is Livius. However, in his work he was too glorify the Romans, which resulted in him lots include myths about the Gods of the King. While Taxitus more revealing about the history of the Roman authorities, who therefore he got the nickname as a pioneer of history or the history of the historical figures (biography).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>3. Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Although Ibn Khaldun was a historian of Islam, but his theory about the development of the tribes in the Arabian peninsula that eventually became the kingdom under the reign of Sultan, can be used to understand the causes of the collapse of the Roman Empire. Ibn Khaldun had a lot of knowledge of the Soil Mahribi (Spain), because once occupied an important position in the region. He also became an important advisor to the royal Ioslah in Africa, so that her life experiences are influenced by the development of Islam.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In the book Al-'Ibar Prolegomena (the history of mankind) Ibn Khaldun portray that in the Arabian peninsula was originally inhabited by small communities are referred to as Umran Badawi, who seidentik with the tribe or clan, a group of people who still have a blood relationship derived from their ancestors. In the group's unity and unity in the form of harmony and solidarity to mark their social lives daily (assabiya). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Thus the nomadic tribes that still (moving) is solidarity based on kinship (kinship). While the economy is still living at subsistence level with technology that is simple, by doing the job hunt and sometimes also raided other tribes to obtain food. Therefore, the accumulation of wealth has not happened yet, because there is no need for more than a primary need. Such an environment eventually led to a strong mental attitude to keep suvive to defend themselves from the threat of other tribes. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In the environment they also appear stronger people as a group leader with his army to conduct attacks against other tribes in the vicinity. In this case the success of an interest in subduing some of the other tribes resulted in some Umron Badawi is under a strong leader. Thus emerged a larger group and with a larger area like the royal, referred to as Umron Hadari. While successfully created a new solidarity is Assabiya Kubra. The relationship between the leader (king) and his followers are to be patrimonialism (patron and client).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">In the development Umron Hadari is usually more expanded territory with constantly subjecting small tribes in the vicinity, so that formed a sort of keajaan greater. As supporters eventually required soldiers (hired), bureaucracies, employees digajih. In a development that has been such that the personal relationships (patron-client) between the king and his followers no longer sustainable, in connection with the group size and breadth of the region.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">With the formation of an increasingly vast empire that was also still necessary akatan solidarity, but with a wider scope, because solidarity is not memadahi asabiya kubra again. In the history of Arab solidarity with the new bond was not another form of religion (Islam) that is able to create a wider solidarity, even in the increasingly global development. In terms of physical needs, the new kingdom that also requires cities with palaces and buildings, troops, places of recreation and so on. In turn the city that it produces difrensiasi tertus developing work / jobs to meet the needs of kings and palaces such as carpenters, blacksmiths, craftsmen of gold and silver, and so forth. It also occurs a wave of urbanization of the rural people from various walks of life who move to urban centers. As a result then comes the social problems in ota as robbery, prostitution, gambling and so on.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The important thing for these developments terkadinya moral degeneration of the second and subsequent generation of the founders of the first royal or imperial. In this case the first generation of the founder of the Sultanate of course realize that luxury, ease of daily life is as hard-earned through powerful monetary affairs. But the second and subsequent generations are not or are less aware of it, and the more fragile mentality because they do not have the struggle with the sacrifices. In such circumstances it makes them be easily conquered by Umran</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Badawi who still have the mentality / strong morale. This is where biased views of moral decadence that once menandaidesintegrasi kingdom. Such situation also happens to be the Romans who eventually subdued by the tribes that still bars, but choose a strong mentality.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-5066251857071171872011-07-30T23:49:00.001+07:002011-07-30T23:49:00.351+07:00Golden Age of Greek Historiography<div style="font-family: inherit;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" /></a></div><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="EN-ID">1. Herodotus</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">Herodotus came from Greece in Asia Minor, and was born around 485 BC at Halicarnassus, which when it includes the Persian empire, but has its own ruler. In the age of 16 Herodotus had taken part in a rebellion against the ruler Lygdamis, with the result that he was banished (exiled). After that he lived some time in Athens, where he was associated with Pericles and Sophocles. </span><br />
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">Thus Herodotus lived in the golden era of Greek culture khsusunya Athens, namely Pentekontaetie age or 50 years (479 BC - 431 BC), which is a period or a period of peace between the Persian wars and the War Peloposesia. That period was the peak period of Greek development, which ultimately also known as classical culture, and growing throughout Europe, America and the world after the Renaissance era. Thus, in an effort to study the history of Western culture such as literature, law, philosophy, statecraft, political, economic, social and so everything can be returned or traced from Greek and Roman culture. The same also applies to the historiography.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">At first the Greek culture was derived from a culture that has evolved in Ionia (Turkey) which is then further grow and develop in the Peloponnese, Peloponnese (poleis) Greece and finally to Sicily (Italy). The spread was in line or closely associated with the development and trading activities in Central and Eastern seas, which is a meeting of traders of the ancient nations of Egypt, Persia and so on. Also in line with the maintenance of political stability then comes the shipping and commerce that marked the second phase of cultural development across the "sea in". In the Ocean of Culture is also referred to as Tlalassis culture, where cultural ties across the ocean have been using the tools of communication / transport shipping and trade are quite advanced by the size of the time</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">Cultural development is supported by advances in shipping and trading in Greece led to policyholders (city) Athens as a center of trade and shipping in the Mediterranean. In the city that meet and socialize / communicate and affect each other even the merchants of various nationalities who are not familiar with the skin of discrimination. Besides basically traders are people who are accustomed to living free in thought, hang out and issued an opinion in the business. Atmosphere of freedom that become habits of life that later became a major factor support or the development of science / philosophy based on the ratio. While the absolute requirement that the ratio of (mind) that develops is the existence of climate or opportunities, freedom and liberty, where the atmosphere seperrti was there in Athens.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">In contrast to Athens, in Greece there is a policy that Agriculture Sparta, where the livelihoods of its inhabitants mainly from agriculture and livestock (agrarian). Characteristic of an agrarian society is closed and the feudal society with an established hierarchy from top to bottom, while a tight community organizations led by military discipline. Therefore a growing community culture is the field of physical and war.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">In the year 444 BC Herodotus was involved in founding the colony Thurii in southern Italy, where he lived for several years as a second homeland. After that it seems that he returned to Athens and died about the year 424 BC. Herodotus traveled widely among other adventures along the coast of Asia Minor, the land of Greece, the Black Sea, Babylon, the Nile Valley, Sicily and Southern Italy. In this journey he made many notes to collect the various countries visited, which may be partly collected in the record and some only in memory. All of his memoirs is a source material for his work great is historiai. In contrast to his predecessors and contemporaries friends, which is known as the logograf, who wrote many stories and myths of heroism, Herodotus was more interested in human history. However, he did not write the history of his era (the Pantekontaetie 479 431 BC), but the period shortly before the Persian wars - Greece which has ended when he was in the age of the children.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">In the first sentence Historiae he wrote the theme and plan of his work is as follows: The following is an explanation of the study (apodixis historical) Herodotus of Thurii: that all human actions are not forgotten by the time keep running, and important deeds and menakjupkan performed by the Greeks on the one hand, and by people the bars on the other hand does not tersembunyikan / forgotten, in addition to explaining why they fight each other ". The statement was aimed at events around the 6th century, when the conflict / war between the king of Lydia in Greece named Croesus with the Persian king Cyrus the Great. The war was described as a war between the East (Persia) to the West of Greece (Europe).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">However, the real war between the Persians to the Greeks described the new lot in the last four books of nine books, starting from the great Persian expedition against the Greeks under Darius and Xerxes, and ended with victories in Greece and Mycale in Plataeae 479 BC. By Western historians Herodotus's work was also given the title as the Persian War (Persian War). In the first five books in the outline contains a description of the war against Greece which ended with the death of the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 529 BC (first book). He was succeeded by his son Cambyses, who conducted a war expedition against Egypt (book 2). The third book describes the history and culture / traditions of Egypt. Ekspasi Persians under Cambyses and successor of Darius the Great to Skytika (Scythen). While in the fifth book contains descriptions emergence Peris policy in the Balkans, which continued with the history of Sparta and Athens.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">In Western historiography, Herodotus recognized as the father of history or historiography because of his work it is well known that mengkisahkan Historiae of War Parsi (Persian War). Compared with previous works by the logograaf which is usually a myth, epic, or fairy tales that usually is associated with fairy tales, then what do Herodotus in his work can be regarded as the beginning or the pioneering of scientific historiography. It mainly can be known of how or techniques in collecting source-boast literary material obtained through interviews (interviews) of people who have or are involved in the Persian war. Thus it is based on interviews he has tried to gain understanding or understandings of an event based on the facts. That's the main feature of the work of Herodotus in the field hsistoriografi, which has implemented the methods of collecting data through interviews (although there are those who have indicated that he really has not detached completely from the tradition of previous writing that further highlight the stories of heroism (in the war Parsi). Hence, until his time Herodotus people are still difficult to separate the types of literary and historical works. What is meant here is that a work of history is still usually written in the form of a very interesting story as well as literary works, also still exist logograafnya cirri, but it works like it a lot about history. In this case it can be said that Herodotus is a transitional figure in the field of history, because the contents are mixed with epic essay and the essay still has a characteristic shape logografi is also a work of history that discuss the history of mankind.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">Herodotus's work also has a comprehensive feature or the history of culture (cultural anthropology), because in the book he also describes the life of the Greeks, Egyptians, Peres and others such as trade, carpentry, agriculture, traditions, customs and other etc., covering various aspects of community life. Therefore he is not only regarded as the father of history, but also as the father of anthropology (culture).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">Works of Herodotus about Persia War is also considered as a result of Ethnographic studies, because in it are also described on the group from other ethnic groups living around Greece. Because of its attention on the ethnography and anthropology, the work Herodutus also termed as "Nouvele historie."</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span lang="IN">2. Thucydides (455-400 bc)</span></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">Herodotus was not the only one of the famous Greek historian in his time, because Thucydides is more prominent in terms of research methods and results / quality of his work. With the emergence of Greek historiography, historians of this center moved from coastal areas of Asia Minor to the islands of Greece in Athens, which later evolved into a political and cultural center, and the birthplace of important historians. There step that Thucydides was born around the year 460 BC from aristocratic and wealthy families. He is the owner of gold mines in Tracia and very influential and wealthy. In his youth Thucydides was still experiencing ground golden age of Greece, especially the cultural history of Athens. However he was not contemporaneous with Pantekontaetie, but by political events Peloponesia military in the war, namely the war between Sparta and Athens (431-404 BC). War was exactly what the subject of his work is famous, namely Poloponesia War (War Peloponesia).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">Advantages compared with Herodotus Thucydides is in his work he has started to develop the study of archeology (archeology), namely the history of ancient Greece long before the life of Thucydides. In this he was doing his own research, criticism of the manuscripts of the ancient poets, and archaeological data were also taken through a comparison with other populations outside of Greece. Only then did he move to mengkisahkan about the beginning and the beginning of civil war in Greece.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">In 8 of the war, Thucydides led a naval unit in charge of maintaining the beach Tracia. However, he could banish the generals who called Brasidas Sparta entered Amphipolis. It brings the consequence of his exile for 20 years from the country / homeland. It lived in exile in Tracia anyway, and from there he still followed the events of war, and collects remarks on the time-trip to trip. That is the main ingredient of his work Peloponesia war. Thus his writings are no longer mixed with myth so that the facts obtained more accurate than the works of Herodotus. Besides the reason that she witnessed and experienced the events he wrote himself, then his work is also referred to as contemporary history (the history of his own era).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">In his writings he also described the military way, the events of the war in the summer he had witnessed, and periods of rest during the winter. All events are narrated with penaggalan shown that giving information when it happened. Only the calendar that he created is still relative, and different from the calendar then the Romans or the first Christians, the calculation is more absolute.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;">Besides Thucydides also conducts research on the behavior / attitude of the politicians and military people in times of crisis. It was a study conducted by a review of psychological, namely a review of human behavior in wartime. By emphasizing the political aspects and the military, Thucydides has been trying to obtain the facts of history in a more critical to stay away from all things that myth. With such a method that the facts obtained more accurate than the works of Herodotus. That is actually more right he is seen as a pioneering director or the writing of critical history. Especially on the political aspects highlighted in his writings which include approximately 60% of the story Peloponesia War, it became the beginning of a long tradition that runs continuously until now in the writing of political history. He thought that war and political decisions will determine the next course of history.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: small;"> After completion of the civil war (civil), the exile Thucydidespun ends, but can not be ascertained whether he or she returned to Athens where he died about the year 411 BC. At the time of his death his work was continued until the year 411 BC.</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-20467229389616213692011-07-30T16:40:00.004+07:002011-07-30T16:52:48.720+07:00The Bustling City On The Sea<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.knowledgecartel.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/city_sea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="280" src="http://www.knowledgecartel.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/city_sea.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image: kandaka.com</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Did you ever think, that the more days on the earth's land increasingly narrow. Indeed, the current civilization, humans are still able to breathe calmly in the mainland. But a thousand years later, this situation must change.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
How not every day the number of men born continues to grow. Meanwhile, the amount of land on earth has not changed and almost the most part land on earth has been owned by humans who do not provide the opportunity for new people to have it. </div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">And later, the civilization of life in the future, where the number of humans may be thousands of times too, of the amount now. While the land on earth has not increased. Where man of the future, they will live ..? </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Because life is a necessity, all means will still be performed. For the sake of life, humans will always find a way. If the land is full, the ocean would still be at large. Man of the future will take advantage of the ocean, a place to live. Will be built, the cities on sea level. Floating city is crowded, like the big cities at this time in Earth's landmass. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Is the city on the sea can be built? I think it certainly can. Humans today too, have started to build a modern infrastructure, on the sea, such as building offshore oil drilling. Moreover, the future of human civilization. Not anymore lifestyle they would wish, but a necessity for survival. And way of life is to build the city on sea level. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">How to do it gradually to be found. And later, it would be unusual for a human future. There's no special feeling when life on the sea, living with the community in the city on sea level. It will feel normal, like people today who feel ordinary when he saw the plane flying. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Try to compare, if the man in the past civilizations, such as stone-age man, saw the plane was flying, they will wonder, and maybe say the plane is the sky god to be worshiped. But we, the human civilization today, felt normal on the plane, because it is there at the time of our civilization. But is it any wonderfull when you see a very crowded city on the sea ..? now maybe yes, but human of the future will find it unusual because it is going to be a civilization of their lives.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-62063237159441660052011-07-30T10:33:00.000+07:002011-07-30T10:33:27.925+07:00The Unique Ice Cream Of The Future<div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dippin%27_Dots_Rainbow_Flavored_Ice.jpg/200px-Dippin%27_Dots_Rainbow_Flavored_Ice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Dippin%27_Dots_Rainbow_Flavored_Ice.jpg/200px-Dippin%27_Dots_Rainbow_Flavored_Ice.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">dippindots.com</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Advances in technology now exists everywhere, and will continue to be penetrated into all aspects of human life. The culinary world not want to Miss innovation. Ice cream, which we know are usually shaped rods or cream, put on cone or a bowl. But future ice cream shaped grain like candy.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Uniquely, the cooling system and the future of the ice cream utilizes liquid nitrogen as a <span class="hps"><span lang="EN">refrigerator</span></span>. Confused? I described it. It turns out, making ice cream with liquid nitrogen is very powerful, especially since food grade technology that is safe and feels unique.</span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nitrogen is a chemical element that has a low vapor-point. Liquid Nitrogen is also has very low temperatures, which was so low it will evaporate at room temperature. With this, the dough liquid nitrogen ice cream will be very easy to freeze. Because of this rapid freezing process, there is ice crystals that are smaller, so that the ice cream into creamy more. With a creamy texture, this ice cream doesn't need a lot of fat in milk, making it more healthy and safe way to diet.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <span style="line-height: 115%;">One brand that sells ice cream grain was called <a href="http://www.dippindots.com/">'Dippin Dots</a>. They even claim a product as a futuristic products for the future with the slogan "Ice Cream of the Future". This product is a product created by franchise ' Dippin Dots Inc. headquartered in Kentucky, USA. I have not tried it, but there is a saying if it feels tean ice cream really, but have different form.</span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-12382276078834098482011-07-28T01:39:00.001+07:002011-07-29T15:34:17.031+07:00Ancient Greek Historiography<div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JXiiuelKTnA/TjJv-cC2uoI/AAAAAAAAAL4/SLv2XOCybFk/s1600/Historiography+Homerus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JXiiuelKTnA/TjJv-cC2uoI/AAAAAAAAAL4/SLv2XOCybFk/s200/Historiography+Homerus.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>As already mentioned in the introduction that every generation of an era that constantly produces its own history or story. Likewise, every historian of the era also produced the works of its own distinctive history, that it was motivated by events or circumstances are unique of its time. However, many historians of ancient Greece who produce works of their own, it can still be distinguished in certain groups of historians. <br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">The Greek historian in general, people are coming from the environment or that materially from among the public that good economic position. Besides, some historians seem to have undergone a period of their life as an author, or even as a scientist. However, most of them are politicians, civil, military, doctor (physician) or a teacher, and at the same time or afterwards also continues to carry out the work of writing history. Greek historians also seem to have or enjoy a relatively independent status. Sometimes it's more intellectual freedom resulted in the expulsion or exile, but exile is in turn gave way for their freedom.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">The Greek historian also writes about the emergence or the long history of countries and cities. Nevertheless, they prefer the past events that had recently occurred (contemporary) or a history of his own era. Or if the temporal scope far back, which told the story of history will continue and ended up in his time alone. While the geographic scope is primarily intended for his own country that is Greece, episodes of its own history or local history, particularly the history of Attica. Geographical scope could be expanded for example when there is conflict with the Persians, occupation or possession of Macedonia and others, which means also story about history of neighboring countries.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">In story about past history that far back, the Greek historians generally based on folklore and stories passed from generation to decline or on the work of previous authors, who indeed came from the writers who preceded him. However, so far as is known, the tradition of the earliest historical writing in ancient Greece is what is called the tradition of Homer, then followed by the emergence of the Logograph, and the last golden age of ancient Greek historiography.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a. Homerus tradition</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Homer is actually the name of an ancient Greek poet who lived during the 8th century BC. At this time it is still difficult to distinguish between the myths or mythology with history, or in other words, they are often mixed. Thus is the Homeric tradition is a tradition of writing history in ancient Greece, when Homer became one of the characters most important in the writing of history at that time which was mixed with myths.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">The oldest literary texts in classical Greek soil, which usually contains the events that delivered target events / falls down, is the literary epic (heroism). In the event that there are two famous epic of Illias and Odusseia (Iliad & Odyssey), which is expected to appear in the 8th century BC, and considered written / rock by Homer, Greek poet in the Greek-speaking Asia Minor. The results of modern history can not be sure whether the Greek war against Troy had occurred in the 12th century BC. However, regarding the events of the Trojan War itself is not in doubt. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">At that time Illias into a national epic in Greek culture education occupies a central position as the Gospel of the Christians. From the historical point of view is important to state, that the antique tradition of Homer's writing of history is a long story that ends the period of war history. In the 15,000 poems (songs) from the story Illias wartime past 10 years, specifically sung episodes of 50 days, namely the siege of Troy by the Asia Minor Greeks, whom they termed Iliaon or Illios. Be it stories of gods and heroes. Among the Greek hero Achilles and king was the son of the Trojan king Hector and Aeneas after that (which is like the offspring will dominate or lead the Trojans) is paramount. Another hero in the siege and fall of Troy is Odysseus, the Greek king of Ithaca. Regarding events after the fall of Troy served in the 12,000 verses in Homer song of Odusseia.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">It seems that not long after Homer dead, Aeneas with the group the Trojans crossed into Latium (Central Italy). Literature reports (writing) the oldest mentions that the coming of Aeneas to the West can be known through the work of Greek poet Stesichorus (approximately 600 BCE). From Eutrirea story up in Rome. So like other Italian cities declared that city was founded by Aeneas. Also in Western European Middle Ages era will emerge such stories, that of the origin or the establishment of towns in Italy by Aeneas or the other war that came from Troy.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Besides singing poems Homer, there are also works of other Greek poet Hesiod among other things (before the end of the century 7). He was a farmer from Boeoti, and which has left more than 2 poems edukatp or instructive. The first is Theogonia (the birth of the gods), consisting of approximately one thousand poems a good song. The second is the Erga kai Hemerai (creation-the creation and day-to-day) roughly 800 poems covering songs. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">The first work that begins with ceitera briefly about the emergence or occurrence of the earth (kosmogonie) from the chaos that is empty, then forwarded to the reportorium coherent and genealogy of the Greek gods. Mentioned that the Erga kai Hemerei is a manual or guidelines for farmers, while in terms of philosophy of history can be considered a public interpretation at that time to the development of humanity, or can also be regarded as a myth of race / nation. According to the myth that the gods created the family / gold descent, who live like gods and be happy. After that followed the descendants / family silver, which status lower and prone to misery. After that Zeus created the family (generation) a surprising bronze, which fell into trouble and misery are exhausting. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">As the last race of the heroes who were divided into two, namely the winners and losers in the war. The next race is the fifth generation of the race of iron, which the gods were created in a state of ugliness and fear, although there are still good things to be found. Races will be destroyed by Zeus and was replaced with a man who will suffer if it does not attempt to resolve it. In this myth Hesidius not structure the human history fairly, but with the heroism as an aberration, when the history of mankind is experiencing a downfall. Adoration and yearning for the golden age or a kind of paradise and ancient interpretation of human history as a fall can also be found again in other cultures at that time or the authors of later vintage.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">b. The Logograph As Chroniclers First.</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">In ancient Greece, logograph more commonly used to give the title to the writers of prose, or with a bad connotation, intended for use by speech writers, or writers of history that in fact the truth could not be accounted for</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">In the early centuries of Greek history widely available material for lovers of history, which can provide information about the development of the polis-polis or city-states, because it has been since the 9th century BC has been arrived Greeks in Asia Minor and then to Greek soil. At age 8-6 BC is also a wave of urbanization in the Mediterranean and Black sea coast. However, newly discovered in the 8th century historical works.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">The earliest historical writers are those who collect all things or the source they want to know without doing any kind of criticism, and the typical things that attract attention such as; fairy / folk tales and strange happenings / surprising genealogy of the descendants of the famous , history of the founding of cities, as well as paintings or stories about the geography or the ethnography of foreign lands. The results of such a work of history since the year 500 BC was produced by the logograph, but so far that can be known only a few, and many of their works is an excerpt from the writers before. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Some of them are:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">- Cadmus of Milete who wrote Ktisis Miletou, or history of the founding of the city tersenut (Milete).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">- Dionysius also from Milite, who compiled the history of Persia after Darius (with a picture of residential areas).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">- Charon of Lampsacus, who besides writing about mytology, also about the Persian wars (Persika).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">- Acusilaus of Argus constituting Geneelogiai that connects the emergence of the cosmos and human history with the world of the gods.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">- Mythology or mitografi with history in the tradition of Homer's often still mixed together.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Among the chroniclers of this primitive (logograf) Hecatacus occupies an important position. He was born of the old noble family in about 550 BC in Milete. At the time of the revolt of Ionis (Turkey) against the Persians around 500 BC, he was the advisor of the policy in the Milete. He also has a lot of trips, including to Asia Minor, Greek Affairs, and Egypt. This is perhaps what makes his writing Periegesis or pereiodos, which means traveling around the world. The data collected includes ethnography, geography and long history of visited countries in Europe and Asia. Besides, he also wrote geneealogiai, a prose work of Greek history. Books written about the year 500 BC was shaped like a list of genealogy / human hybrids (king) who comes to God / god, with a past that is legendary.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Other famous writers logograf Hellanicus from Mytilene (Lesbos), who lived around the end of the fifth century and died around 400 BC. Her work includes total 24 titles, but not all of his work can be found. Many diagnostic among the works Hellanicus berbetuk mitografi (mythology that has been written), namely the onset or presence of humans and of the history of Troy. Besides mitografi he also wrote the history of ethnography which contains lands bars (outside Greece) as Aigyptiaka, Skythika, Persika and so on). He also wrote chronografi and history of the founding of cities such as Rome by Aeneas, atthis or Attica (Athens and surrounding areas). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">The story starts from the founding of the city of Athens about 1600 BC, and the story of the legendary era of the kings who discussed at length. Like other historians Hellanicus also wrote about the earth sciences (geography), ethnography and local history. Because of the lack of good quality tulisanya from the viewpoint of science history, by Cicero branded as annalium confectio (makers of the anal or annual records).</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-6399760905530828112011-07-27T23:20:00.001+07:002011-07-29T15:43:04.646+07:00About Historiography<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nIKhphHECtU/TjJyXJjVccI/AAAAAAAAAME/41iOzOo-fgw/s1600/historiography.jpg" /></a></div>Historiography is a word derived from the Latin history, Historia, which means history, evidence, wise and Graaf. While the literal understanding of historiography is the writing of history. However as a science, historiography is part of the history of science that studies the results from the writings or works of history from generation to generation, from age to age. Some even say that historiography is the history of history. With the historiography of science will be discussed the results of historical writing, from the man produces a work of history however simple shape, such as folklore, legends, myths, and so on until the work of modern history.</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">The problem is why people or historians should examine the results and what are the benefits of writing history. As mentioned upfront that the historical work will be studied in the historiography is that since humans produce works of history however simple. In a society that is still very simple or traditional, for example, that historiography is a cultural expression and reflection of the concerns of a social group that produced it. Such historiography has not in writing, but still in the form of literature that target inherited from generation to generation.<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Furthermore, in a society that was slightly more advanced, in which historiography has been generated by the literati (poet), and kept maintained by the authorities, usually has a function to affirm the legitimacy of a dynasty or reinforce and maintain basic ideological values <span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span>which he rested from power. Such historiography are formed as a literary work with its varieties, such as the Babad Tanah Jawi, the Ramayana, or Maha Barata. For the historian of today would find it difficult to get information from it. Historiography of this kind could also form a record of events that are considered important to note, could then be used or used as a lesson about the legal and moral behavior. A striking example of that is the traditional Chinese historiography, which indeed has a tradition of recording important events, both events at the time of a dynasty still in power and the dynasties that preceded it. The same thing can be known in the Islamic tradition with a note that referred to by the term 'chronicle'. This kind of historiography is factual, because what is presented or written is already a record of events that have occurred in the past.<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">Then the latter is in an advanced society, the resulting history of modern historiography written critically (critical historical writing). In this case the historiography does not just stop at listing or presentation of facts, but continued with the interpretation or synthesis of the facts obtained in order to be prepared (reconstruction) of a historical tale of life and harmony. It required the methodology as a discipline.<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">From the above description can be concluded that each generation of an era that writes its own history, because every generation has a social attachment with their own cultural background (Cultuur gebudenheid), or the soul of his own era (geesttijd gebundenheid), which is reflected by the poet or historians in his works. By know attachment, then historians of today who read or even take advantage of historical works as a source of history, should be able to escape of the influence of culture and the soul era, from every historical work, so they can obtain credible information (facts history) of every work of history.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-3396386744343758912011-07-19T13:37:00.003+07:002011-07-19T13:41:54.184+07:00Futures Trading Overview<div style="text-align: justify;">Futures trading or commodity trading first started in Japan and in Holland, somewhere in 18th century. In US, commodity trading started by establishing a commodity market place in 1840s century. The market offered both sport delivery and futures contracts.</div><a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Futures trading differ from spot trading in different aspects. Spot trades are done for actual (and real-time) cash/product deliveries but futures are traded for hedging possible price uncertainties. Spot trades are done usually with a two-day cash delivery method where futures trades are done for usually 3 months durations. The futures trades for contracts which expire by next month or less is also often called spot trades.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The first products available for futures trading include meat, grains and live stocks. Later futures contracts for a variety of products were implemented including those for energy products, metals, currencies and currency indexes, stocks and stock indexes, and private and government interest rates. The CME (Chicago Mercantile Exchange) is responsible for the introduction financial features in 1970s, which very soon became the most traded futures type.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">All futures have unchangeable contract specifications which are guaranteed by the clearing houses and margined to minimize counterparty credit risks. They are traded by open outcry of screen in public domain. Futures contracts are almost similar to forward contracts, and often the names are used interchangeably, but forward contracts are typically traded OTC (over-the-counter) through issuer-client or broker-dealer interactions where futures are traded through centralized markets.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Commodity futures are the most common form of futures and are traded all over the world. With the passing of time new and new agricultural, livestock and metal/natural commodities are becoming available for futures trading. Futures options are, like stock options, the right to buy or sell futures contact on a certain price at a specific time. A call futures option is the right to buy a futures contract and put futures option is the right to sell a futures contract.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Stock features or single-stock features are futures contracts for owning an underlying stock. Stock features usually have greater leverage and the holders of futures do not receive/pay any dividends. Stock index futures are meant for multiple purposes like hedging, trading and investing. Hedgers for owning stocks or index options, traders for benefiting form price volatility, and investors for achieving certain goals by not directly owning the stock. Currency features are futures contracts that enable the holder to buy or sell a currency at specified rate at a future date. As these futures are marked-to-market daily, the forex investors can easily overcome the obligation to sell or buy currencies before the delivery date.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In US, the futures trading are regulated by CFTC (Commodity Futures Trading Commission). The major worldwide futures trading markets are CBOT (Chicago Board of Trade), CME, ICE Futures, Euronext.liffe, London Commodity Exchange, Intrade, London Metal Exchange, TOCOM (Tokyo Commodity Exchange), NYMEX (New York Mercantile Exchange), NYBOT (New York Board of Trade), Sydney Futures Exchange, etc.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Praveen Ortec works for NobleTrading.com, an online day trading broker offering direct access online futures trading on 3 different futures trading systems.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-43442541605188615502011-07-12T01:44:00.000+07:002011-07-12T01:44:44.476+07:00The Case for God: What Religion Really Means<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Armstrong is the author of a serious religious, strong research tradition, so it deserves if more than 15 best-selling book ranks in the world. God is God in the study of the historical Armstrong, who lives in the middle and along its followers, the Lord who gave birth to the community of believers and the many traditions and religious institutions.</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">So, God as the Supreme Being and the Absolute is certainly not limited in time, did not know yesterday, present, and future. Even incomprehensible by the mind. We talk too much about God lately and what we say is often superficial, says Armstrong (p. 9).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">In addition to presenting the dynamics of the traces of God and its influence in human history, this book does not directly address modern atheism, characterized by very rational and scientific (scientific atheism) who have led the modern society and young people in the West.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">During the 16th century and the 17th, in Western civilization was born a new set of scientific rationality and the economy based on technology and investment. Since then measure of truth is scientific method. Logos beat myth. Whereas in the religious myth embodied truth and virtue that can not be reached by logos.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Rationality interpretation of religion gave rise to two new phenomena which are very typical: fundamentalism and atheism (p. 19). During these characters develop atheism often refer to the Feurbach, Karl Marx, Nietzsche, or Freud that appeared in the century now emerging 19.Tetapi new atheism that was driven primarily by Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens and Sam Harris.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">In there they will find contemporary scientific arguments to attack religious people who still believe in God and his intervention in the intended attack the story. To, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Armstrong's book is also standing as a defense against the existence of religions.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Logic and scientific approach, especially those relying on empiricism-positivism understood, will never be able to capture and analyze the mysteries of life, diversity and Godliness. Various works of Armstrong seriously successfully presents how religion and belief in God is always present on the stage of history and contributed to interpret human life.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Religion, belief and understanding of God, continues to interact with the historical development of a society with all its aspects. Therefore, he said, to understand the scriptures merely literary words would be misleading and has been reduced, not to the core message of religion.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">On the other hand, the arrogance of the scientific understanding of religion has been pushed back a response to the emergence of religious fundamentalism. Change mind-set understanding of religion and life in Europe is strongly influenced by the expedition of Christopher Columbus in 1492 who succeeded in finding new continent of America, sponsored by the Catholic King Ferdinand and Isabella.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">This success story spread like a new plague, that outside of Europe there was another very interesting world to explore. So, expedition, exploration, migration and dissemination of new cultural synthesis always gave birth to a new beginning with new problems and challenges.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Today, what happened to the 15th century in Europe has been uneven across the world via the internet networking and virtual worlds. Society are conditioned to boldly go beyond the known world boundaries. Encounter and the clash of different traditions and cultures and religions of this information has made the most religious people giddy and shocked (shocked).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">That the claim of truth, divinity, and heaven was also owned by people of other religious groups. Meanwhile, there are also groups that are adamantly opposed to the existence of God and wanted to remove religion. Feeling uncomfortable and threatened in this religious roots of the emergence of fundamentalism.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Citing Armstrong, fundamentalism is a very reductive faith. In their anxiety and fear, fundamentalists often distort the tradition they are trying to defend, for example with a very selective reading scriptures to justify violence and hostility towards people of different beliefs (p. 470).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Fundamentalists believe that they fought in the name of God, but the actual religiosity of this type represents a setback from the Lord (p. 471). Thus, the world continues cycle. History rolling lunge record of human thought and behavior. Religion was often the target of criticism and scorn.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">But in fact religion is alive and evolve. God always in the hearts of men. This confirms the view that "religion has a thousand lives". Even if the dead one, is still more to survive.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">People may criticize the behavior of religious people and religious institutions are built, but awareness, needs and religious beliefs are still raging. With religion a person looking for meaning and purpose in life more essential and noble. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Prof. Dr.<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Komaruddin Hidayat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Rector</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-20338341870710690452011-07-11T02:44:00.000+07:002011-07-11T02:44:22.214+07:002015, Space Airport Indonesia From LAPAN Predicted Will Done<div style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Airport space Development property<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the National Aeronautics and Space Institute (LAPAN), expected to be implemented in 2015. The prediction, delivered, Head of Aerospace Technology and Utilization LAPAN Arisdiyo on Monday (4 / 7). </div><a name='more'></a>"Right now research is still stage a predetermined location, while construction began in 2015," he said in Bengkulu. Space agency currently is conducting a study of six villages in North Bengkulu District Enggano as satellite and rocket launch site. <br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Six villages namely Banjar Sari, Meok, Ka'ana, Apoho, Malakoni, and Kahyapuh. If the later is determined that the location of the satellite launch Space agency to make the location safe zone with radius of 5 kilometers. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Negative impact on society of this program was at the launch of a rocket which within a radius of 5 kilometers to be clean of any activity. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Meanwhile, North Bengkulu District Rosyadi Imron said the airport's space can benefit local communities both economically and education. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Regent hopes, the public can receive well LAPAN plan, given the many positive side that will get people Enggano Island and Bengkulu in general. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Space agency's space development airport on the island of Enggano is a follow-up to the signing of an agreement between the Government of the Province of Bengkulu in 2010. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Enggano Island is rated as a suitable place for construction of airport space. Enggano has a population that is not too much and not directly related to the territory of another country. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">Not only that, Enggano also has an area of extensive and safe environment. In addition to strategic location, the island was also dealing directly with the open sea, the Indian Ocean.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-17440305237336265572011-07-11T02:32:00.002+07:002011-07-11T02:50:06.643+07:00Transparent Plane Has Introduced, New Breakthroughs Future Aircraft<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Airbus has unveiled a futuristic concept for a transparent plane that may be everyday air transport in 2050. With its see-through aircraft cabin, passengers of the future will get a window on the world as they fly through the sky. </span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">They will be able to see everything to the sides and in front of them.The concept cabin unveiled at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, would be a bionic structure that 'mimics' the efficiency of the bird bone, claimed the company.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://l.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/dcOnPKstWrw3Bvs7OpdmCw--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3M7cT04NTt3PTk1MA--/http://l.yimg.com/t/images/2.vitalising-zone_-panoramic-day.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="http://l.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/dcOnPKstWrw3Bvs7OpdmCw--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3M7cT04NTt3PTk1MA--/http://l.yimg.com/t/images/2.vitalising-zone_-panoramic-day.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> It would provide strength where needed, and also allows for an intelligent' cabin wall membrane, which controls air temperature and can become transparent to give passengers open, panoramic views.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The company believes that mid-century passengers might be able to enjoy a game of virtual golf or take part in interactive conferences, while the cabin 'identifies and responds' to travelers' needs.In the 'interactive zone' there are virtual pop-up projections taking passengers to whichever social scene they want to be in, from holographic gaming to virtual changing rooms for active shoppers.The 'smart tech zone' is tailored towards the more functional-orientated passenger with what Airbus describes as 'a chameleon-style offering.'</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://l.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/dLpo_LPuZFesTMfG2H7Iow--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3M7cT04NTt3PTk1MA--/http://l.yimg.com/t/images/10h07m04s98.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="252" src="http://l.yimg.com/bt/api/res/1.2/dLpo_LPuZFesTMfG2H7Iow--/YXBwaWQ9eW5ld3M7cT04NTt3PTk1MA--/http://l.yimg.com/t/images/10h07m04s98.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It aims to meet individual needs ranging from a simple to a complete luxury service, but all allowing 'you to continue life as if on the ground'.</span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">"Our research shows that passengers of 2050 will expect a seamless travel experience while also caring for the environment," the Daily Mail quoted Airbus engineering executive vice-president Charles Champion as saying."The concept cabin is designed with that in mind, and shows that the journey can be as much a voyage of discovery as the destination," he added.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This breakthrough</span></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"><span class="hps">is to be one</span></span> of to <span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"><span class="hps">answer</span></span> <span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"><span class="hps">the progress</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"> <span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"><span class="hps">future</span></span> <span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"><span class="hps">of civilization</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"> <span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"><span class="hps">which</span></span> <span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"><span class="hps">confirmed</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"> <span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"><span class="hps">would be very</span></span> <span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"><span class="hps">much different</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"> <span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"><span class="hps">with</span></span><span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif"></span> <span title="Klik untuk terjemahan alternatif">today <span class="hps">civilization</span></span>.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-48461789162919613072011-07-10T22:26:00.002+07:002011-07-12T15:21:55.365+07:00The Status Of Women In Future Political<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">A century ago (1910), the world's second conference of socialist women in Copenhagen, a women's movement activists and prominent German socialist Clara Zetkin called oppose separatist attitude of the women's suffragist movement (demanding the right to vote in elections).</span></span></div><a name='more'></a><span lang="EN"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Socialist Party of the United States proposed the last day of February be a day of demonstration for the equality of political rights (right to vote in elections) women. Clara Zetkin and then made a proposal to internationalize the American experiment and had the idea that every year the world should celebrate Women's Day.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">In 1913 which is still in the First World War, March 8, designated as Women's Day celebration. To date, that date is celebrated as a consistent International Women's Day.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Talking about the story of women in Indonesia, the author recalled by Ananta Toer Pramoediya masterpiece entitled "Human Boemi". Although fictional, Pramoediya nicely tells the story of an Indonesian woman in the profile of indigenous women named Sanikem. This figure is a symbol of women who experience marginalization in the form dipunyainya no right to speak to self-determination.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Sanikem father, Sastrotomo, the village clerk who dreams of becoming a sugar factory paymaster (respectable position for the native village at the time). To achieve these ideals, Sastrotomo not hesitate to do a disgraceful way, one with a "sell" to the administrator Sanikem Dutch sugar factories.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Sanikem later became his wife and helpless invalid under Dutch men, and known as Nyai Ontosoroh.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Pramoediya of the story, we certainly do not expect happens to women today. Let the story of mistreatment of women as the story becomes murky story for women in the past.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Indonesian women to the front it's time to show his ability, especially in the fight for the right to speak to self-determination as the struggle for basic human rights, including political rights.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">The current political world enlivened by the appearance of the phenomenon of women wives of regional heads had his term of office to become a candidate for the head region (Kompas, March 6, 2010). In 2010, not least the powerful wife of the head region (incumbent) tried their luck in the arena of local elections (elections).</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">In Yogyakarta, Bantul Regent Sri Suryawidati wife (56) contest as well. Sri more confident called Ida with her husband's name frills, Idham Samawi, sign up for the General Elections Commission (KPU) in Bantul. Even in Kediri, the second wife of the regent regent seat scramble Kediri come the period 2010-2015. They are Haryanti and Nurlaila. Haryanti is the lawful wife of the Regent Kediri Sutrisno. With this status, is more fortunate than Nurlaila Haryanti. In fact, Sutrisno himself reportedly more supportive Haryanti. At the provincial level, the name Aida Ismeth Zulaikha, wife of the Governor of Riau Islands province (Riau Islands) Ismeth Abdullah, who is now in custody Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), has also declared itself as a candidate for governor of Riau Islands.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Resurrection of women?</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">In addition, too many women are not the wife of the head region also have prepared themselves to move forward as a candidate for the head area, such as in Surabaya are Tri Rismaharini, in Ngawi there Sanggarwati Ruth, and no women incumbent regent who will also continue to compete as a regional head candidate , such as Banyuwangi Regent Ratna Ani Lestari.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">The question is whether this phenomenon is a picture of the political awakening of women? Or is it just put a woman as a shield elite who want to maintain power, and not on the capabilities and the quality that counts?</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Regardless which answer is correct, but for this author is a challenge bagiperempuan. Women should be able to prove that not until the women were not chosen because of their feminine, as Marina Mahathir said, most women are not elected Because They are women. So then women to be elected mendompleng popularity of her husband during a regional head.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Women's time to show that they deserve to be selected because of age require individuals with skills that today more women-owned lots, namely the ability of managing a win-win rather than win-and-loose. Various studies have also mentioned, women score higher in terms of assessment of work compared to men because women leaders are always more likely to behave democratically and take part where they are more respectful and concerned about their workers or subordinates, and sharing of "power" and feelings with others (Schermerhorn, 1999).</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Women are also always more concerned with interpersonal relationships, communication, employee motivation, task-oriented, and be more democratic than men are more concerned with aspects of strategic design and analysis (Sharpe, 2000). John Naisbitt in Megatrens forecast for mentioning women, women who will gain greater opportunities when society becomes democratic and with increasing good governance.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">For that, the moment of commemoration of International Women's Day today should be a snap for women to show that women deserve chosen not because of daughter, but because of organizational, community, age, and civilization in need of professional skill and naturalness was carrying. Hopefully this can be proven, and happy International Women's Day.</span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-50778073621118929962011-07-10T22:12:00.002+07:002011-07-10T23:40:55.603+07:00It Is Very Important To Maintain Preservation Of Forests For The Existence Of the Future Earth<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">"When the last tree has been revoked, when the last fish has been caught, when the last river has been polluted, people will realize that they can not eat money." (Motto of World Nature Conservation)</span></span></div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN"> Tangse flash flood tragedy has just occurred, and has not been passed. Nine people were killed, three others still missing. Eight bridges broken, the road along 6 kilometers destroyed, two dams breached, two schools were damaged, 751 homes were damaged, and 311 units of which is lost. A total of 3016 families were displaced. A series of this problem has not been completed and still requires a long rehabilitation phase. Not to mention the threat of post-disaster infectious diseases such as respiratory infections, cholera, and diarrhea.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">From a number of sites reported that the cause is deforestation. Not surprisingly, the facts show, thousands of cubic meters of logs laid along the flood path. At the end of the stick is still visible marks of sawn with a diameter of 10 cm-75 cm. despite the opinion of such high rainfall and permanent ground slope factor was mentioned as one of the causes of this flood. Escape from it all, no one denies that environmental destruction is the biggest factor Tangse disaster.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Actually the issue of deforestation in Aceh continues to increase from year to year, especially after the tsunami, not a new issue. WALHI Aceh recorded from 1980 to 2008, Aceh's forests have been reduced to 914,422 hectares of the total area of </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">5,675,850 hectares. That is, 32,657 hectares of forest cleared each year. In 2006, a year before memorium, t</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">he rate of deforestation and forest degradation in Aceh has reached a point that is very alarming. Deforestation Aceh's forests during 2002-2004 reached nearly 200,000 acres. Nearly 60% of the practice of deforestation occurs in protected areas and protected forests, including in the area of </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Gunung Leuser National Park. Deforestation outside forest area accounts for 45% of the total deforestation in Aceh. In total, deforestation in Aceh reached more than 350,000 hectares during 2002-2004, equivalent to mo</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">re than 5 times the area of </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Singapore. Deforestation led to degradation of Aceh is getting worse, reaching 1.87 million hectares, among which are scattered in 75% of conservation areas and protected forests (Greenomics, 2006).</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="EN"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">That proclaimed the existence of a moratorium on logging since 2007, which essentially repeal the licensing of illegal and legal forestry in Aceh, as almost no resonance. In 2008, the vast forests of Aceh to live 61.42 percent. The results Ecosystem Foundation Lestari (YEL) in 2009, forest loss in Aceh say an average of 0.9 percent per year.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">An irony that the warnings of environmental damage would have occurred long ago. The issue of environmental damage in Aceh has been widely depicted as the year 2006, because of the illegal logging activities in post-tsunami. Still, the issues and the application of a discourse memorium only, until the disaster of this magnitude, which is also not the first time, place and casualties.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">As if the evidence, the issue of environmental destruction does require a lot of evidence to suggest that a disaster is indeed the effect of environmental damage, rather than a process of nature. Just look at the disaster Wasior, even governments are also beginning to notice about the high rainfall and slope of the land as the main cause of the occurrence of flash floods, so as to close the eyes of the disaster victim's testimony stating that the log-log of wood down from the mountains swept their home. There are so many economic and political interests which makes the slow response of government and the community in responding to environmental issues.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Not only in the country, in a global world order was a reaction that arises not much different, when the ozone hole was first detected above Antarctica early in 1975. In 1977, a plan of action is taken. In 1987, removed the Montreal Protocol. This protocol introduces a range of capacities, including a schedule of actions, oversee the production and release of CFCs into the environment. This allows the use of CFCs and related production to fall to levels during 1986 in 1989, and a reduction by 50% in 1999. There was a pause of up to 10 years for taking action.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">In 1978, a book called Twenty Nine Days is published. Its contents regarding all sorts of environmental problems, ranging from the threat of food crisis, energy, marine pollution and water resources, environmental pollution, to global warming. That is, when it alone is enough environmental activists are already aware of the threat and effects of environmental degradation are complex. Only, why his reaction is so slow? Regarding the issue of global warming for example, demonstrated a new commitment in 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, when 150 countries pledged to confront the problem of greenhouse gases and agreed to translate this intent in a binding agreement.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">There is a reason that the slow handling of environmental issues fluktuatifnya caused by environmental changes. As the issue of global warming, many scientists doubted it because of global warming is believed to be a normal form of environmental change, is also relevant for several reasons.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">In addition, the existence of political and economic interests also hinder the process of environmental recovery. Like the article in the Kyoto Protocol emission reduction which varies from developing countries are not asked to participate in emissions reduction and even the United States in 2001 resigned from this agreement because this emission reduction cost was very large.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">The dilemma between environmental interests and economic interests are very great indeed. Just look at the many doubts in the logging restrictions juxtaposed with the magnitude of state revenues from exports of timber and forest products. Also efforts mensubsitusi fossil fuels with biofuels in addition to expensive also impact the food crisis.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">However, apart from the absence of global warming as the biggest environmental issue, the fact that environmental degradation, especially deforestation is indeed happening. Denial and attempts to find too much evidence will only give birth to a delay in treatment, which would worsen the situation.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span class="hps"><span lang="EN">Likewise, in response to the dilemma of political and economic interests versus environmental interests. It was not an easy choice, to abandon primitive ways that are practical and inexpensive alternative to complex and expensive. But in the end, we will all step into the future instead? Of course, efforts are needed not only to make money, but also to ensure that the earth could still be occupied by human beings. Still remember this is not it?</span></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-75133300672015308722011-07-10T21:59:00.001+07:002011-07-12T15:29:15.699+07:00How Will Future Human To See The Religions<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"><span lang="EN">In his book, The End of Faith (2005, 2004), Sam Harris reveals that the history of religions, in particular religion or religion of Abraham Smith calling itself the religion of heaven, is a history of conflict, war and bloodshed. </span><span title="">But, in the 21st century, the same face coloring of other religions, such as conflicts between the adherents of Hinduism and Buddhism, between Hindus and Muslims, and between Buddhism and Islam. </span><span title="">That's the whole religious revival phenomenon referred to by John Naisbitt. </span><span title="">In fact the internal conflict between Sunni and Shiite sects, and between Sunnis and Ahmadis.</span></span><span lang="EN"></span></div><a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"></span><span title="">Here religion is no longer a blessing, as claimed by all religions, but has become a disaster, such as Kimley said. </span><span title="">Main source is the exclusive truth claims of faith or creed. </span><span title="">Indeed, numerous cases of conflict and war, against the backdrop of economic and political interests, for example in Indonesia, Ambon and Maluku conflicts. </span><span title="">In that case, religion is a source of legitimacy is used for political or economic interests. </span><span title="">But why is religion so easily exploited? </span><span title="">Therefore, it contains religious fanaticism and each feels true God and assisted each.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"></span><span title="">Because of this, or inter-religious conflict and religious conflicts involving religion are always difficult dicarikan completion. </span><span title="">It's very obvious in the case of the Poso conflict. </span><span title="">This happens because the conflict between adherents of that religion always bear a grudge, because of cruelty, even when economic and political conflicts of interest have obtained a fair solution. </span><span title="">In addition, differences in faith or beliefs are difficult to be compromised, while the economic and political conflicts of interest can be negotiated. </span><span title="">Especially now developed theories of conflict resolution in peace-studies research. </span><span title="">But such methods can not be applied to find a peaceful and fair settlement to the conflict of religion, because faith is not compromised. </span><span title="">Even the inter-faith dialogue alone is still not acceptable to all religions, because to them the faith or creed can not be didialogkan. </span><span title="">That's the problem when religion has become a disaster.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"></span><span title="">Settlement of religious affairs has been a disaster today are more difficult and more complicated, because various economic interests and political conflicts in various parts of the world's religions have been involved. </span><span title="">Economic and political conflicts of interest is always accompanied by conflict antarpemeluk religion. </span><span title="">Northern Ireland conflict is accompanied by the conflict between Catholics and Christians, the Kashmir conflict is also a Muslim-Hindu conflict. </span><span title="">Problem of separatism in South Thailand is also backed by the difference of Buddhism and Islam as well as the same problem in the Philippines has brought the Islamic-Catholic conflict. </span><span title="">South Maluku separatist movement backed by the Muslim-Christian differences, as well as the Free Papua movement problems. </span><span title="">Aceh's separatist conflict was resolved through a compromise, because it does not involve religious differences, they are both Muslim. </span><span title="">On the other hand, the equation of religion can not solve the problem, for example in the case of Kurdish separatism, while the Kurds or the Turks and Iraqis alike Muslims. </span><span title="">In this case, the question arises, what is the brotherhood since the equation of religion?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"></span><span title="">Why religion is potentially a source of conflict and disaster all the time and everywhere? </span><span title="">First, religion, especially religion Smith, emphasizing the faith or belief that can not be compromised and can not didialogkan. </span><span title="">Furthermore, the two creeds were always claimed the exclusive absolute truth. </span><span title="">Third, the world's largest religions, Christianity and Islam are missionary or evangelical religion, which aims to gain followers as much as possible. </span><span title="">Fourth, the two religions that tend to be principled "goals justify the means" (the end justify the means), for example in the case of a bomb. </span><span title="">That is, if the goal is considered true, any way have been sanctified by that goal, including the use of force, if necessary, fight to defend the creed. </span><span title="">Fifth, in achieving or maintaining self, religion in general assistance and state power. </span><span title="">That is why, in principles of Islamism is believed unity of religion and state. </span><span title="">In the case of the formalization of sharia, the state is required to implement Sharia as the positive laws that are forcing.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"></span><span title="">Therefore, in order to attitudes and religious actors can be more calm and friendly, it needs an update to the new diversity in the future. </span><span title="">First, religion is no longer focuses on faith or creed, but the behavior or morals (al-al-Karimah morality). </span><span title="">Second, the communication of religious antarpenganut not need to be accompanied by an exclusive truth claims, but the coexistence of plural truths or truths. </span><span title="">Third, religious proselytizing should not emphasize the quantity of followers, but the quality of religious and community coaching. </span><span title="">Fourth, the competition between religions, the principle of "the goal justifies the means" to be abandoned. </span><span title="">The true purpose to be achieved in the right way anyway. </span><span title="">Fifth, the implementation of religious teachings do not need the help of a force of power, in this country.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"></span><span title="">If religion still want to have a future, changes to the way diversity above should be considered seriously. </span><span title="">Otherwise, the forecast Sam Harris, that is the end of faith, should be taken seriously. </span><span title="">But, according to Sam Harris, a formal institutionalized religion now does not have a future. </span><span title="">And if we look at Europe today, the formal institutionalized religion will experience a major transformation (great transformation) to be as predicted by Sapdo Palon genggong Noyo, namely the cultivation of religious or moral religion or borrow a phrase from Hans Kung, a German Catholic priest, a global ethic (global </span><span title="">ethics). </span><span title="">Religion as it implies the meaning of religion without faith in God (religion without faith) or a religion without God (religion without God). </span><span title="">Here the indicator of religiosity is no longer faith in obedience to God or worship, but the morality or behavior in communicating with fellow human beings and nature. </span><span title="">People who consort with nature or the friendly and peaceful life for example can be called religious.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"></span><span title="">In the perspective of the German Muslim philosopher, F. </span><span title="">Schuon, philosopher and Shiite, Syed Hossein Nasr, the future of religion is the religion of perennial. </span><span title="">Perennial religion was born when religions meet at the level of essential or essence. </span><span title="">That is, the Shari'a is no longer at the core of religion as it is today. </span><span title="">In terms of the Sufi Muslim, born unity of religions (wahdatul adyan). </span><span title="">In Sufi practice, religion is a process of transcendence overcome the formal religions in an effort to understand the self. </span><span title="">If someone had known him, he will meet with God.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"></span><span title="">In religious terms like that, people do not need to claim the truth. </span><span title="">Religion also need not preached, especially with the sword. </span><span title="">In other words, religion did not require state institutions because religion does not need protection from the threat. </span><span title="">In the meeting, religions need not be competition, especially the struggle between religions. </span><span title="">Religions have had peace (Darr al-salam). </span><span title="">Or in Christian language, humans have entered the kingdom of God is safe and peaceful. </span><span title="">In the Islamic sense, religions have terislamkan. </span><span title="">In these circumstances, religion can no longer be used or manipulated for the benefit of individuals and groups.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="longtext"></span><span title="">In such a perspective, religion is likely to undergo transformation into spiritualism. </span><span title="">In such situations, religion is increasingly becoming a private affair. </span><span title="">In Durkhemian perspective, religion becomes functional in the development of society. </span><span title="">Whereas religions in the past it always plays a role in social change and an important pillar of civil society, as said by Toquivile, as he saw in American society of the 19th century. </span><span title="">This role can only occur through institutionalized religion as part of the culture. </span><span title="">Therefore, in modern secular society, the role of institutionalized religion remained necessary. </span><span title="">But that role is necessary if religions work together in developing a public religion (public religion), as developed in the theology of liberation (liberation theology). </span><span title="">As a force of liberation from all forms of tyranny, that's the role expected by modern society.</span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-52030892625517888542011-07-10T21:30:00.003+07:002011-07-10T23:39:44.079+07:00Breakthrough Technology of the FutureDo not be surprised, later attended a camera behind a translucent wall. New Scientist magazine, predicting the future 10 products. Would you believe? The future of TV in addition to sound, color, can also be scented. The human brain is divided into 30 more types of scent, such as wood aroma, the scent of flowers, the scent of grass and so forth. That the development of technology products in the future.<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">British magazine New Scientist, as quoted by the Epoch Times, Tuesday, February 3, 2009, will predict the presence of 10 major science and technology products are expected to occur within the next 30 years. , From the laboratory room was stepping into your home, become common products such as mobile (HP).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">The 10 major science and technology include detection tools translucent walls, coat-style body penyirna Harry Potter, Spiderman-style climbing wall equipment that makes people capable of climbing walls, super private aircraft, spacecraft and personal TV that can be smelled and others.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Some say such predictions are too grandiose, truly unbelievable. But let's flashback to-30 years ago, in 1979 when the Japanese company, NET succeeded in developing HP's first internet throughout the world, many people still think walking while talking on the phone is impossible, but for the people of today HP has become luggage that must exist. Along with the development of science and technology, who says the dream could become reality?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Britain's Daily Mail with details explaining "10 products of the future science and technology" as follows:</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>1. Dynamo of the human body</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Almost everyone today has a HP, iPod and other electronic devices, but spoke with HP and listen to your iPod a little bit long so the battery runs out when we're outside, it would not be able to recharge, then how?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">If only the movement of the human body can always be used for power generation, how nice it is!</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Now scientists at the lab already realize those expectations. Wang Zhonglin a scientist of Chinese descent from the Polytechnic of Georgia, USA, using techniques Nano and Piezoelectrik effect to generate electricity. He managed to make some sort of glass fiber clothing of mixed materials berdinamo super fine metallic fibers. Each time the fiber is pressed or bent, can generate electricity. The so-called Piezoelectrik effect is when a particular matter when the pressure to produce electricity.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Wang Zhonglin using nano yarn made from Oxyd Zinc (zinc oxide) is wrapped with a strand of fiber weaving. When people dressed like this, so long as the wind blown or the slightest movement is enough to make these clothes produce electricity.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Today the technique is still in experimental stages in the laboratory, after waiting for more mature techniques, then the people can always deduct or iPodnya Hp.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>2. Reconnaissance tool translucent wall</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">In the fairy god or superhuman definitely have a penetrating vision, could see the objects behind the wall, see the atmosphere behind the wall. But now scientists use radio waves and have to realize this dream.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Science and technology consulting firm Cambridge - England using radio waves that have the privilege to get to penetrate solid objects, has created the X-ray surveillance system is only for the briefcase.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Prism 200, the name of this equipment can emit a wave of ultra-wide band pulses, can penetrate the wall or material as thick as 40 cm, to detect any movement within a radius of 15 meters, can assist the police during the siege captors and was able to detect the position of the perpetrator and the victim is held hostage in indoors.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Technical University of Munich German researchers have created a kind of equipment, which although insulated by the door, provided that such launches radio waves between 433 MHz and 24,000 MHz, it can detect breathing and heart rate and minimal movement from behind the door.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>3. Climb up the wall and Qinggong (science lighten the body)</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Spiderman in the film, capable of climbing walls and jumping on the roof of a skyscraper. Now interlude in his spare time has been used by scientists using a strong adhesive such equipment to realize the fight against gravity. Scientists gain inspiration from the principles of anatomy foot lizard.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Lizard crawling on a wall could be 2 million thanks to rely on each leg hair shaft, causing electricity to form a micro-electrostatic and a very strong adhesive.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Andre Geim, University of Manchester, England has been planning a kind of imitation fur material lizard, just a 1 cm2, worn on the gloves and shoes, and can support the weight of 1 kg.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Nicola Pugno, researchers polytechnic University of Turin Italy concurrently Nano technology, has made one pair of gloves, each capable of withstanding the weight of 10 kg. along with technical improvements, beautiful dreams can be a Spiderman fan community seems to be realized soon.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>4. Artificial gill</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Mankind when leaving oxygen is not able to maintain its existence, while diving compressed air from the tube, if used up then it should go up to the edge, unable as mermaids stories that can live on land or dive in the sea floor. But once man can create an artificial gill, in the future, traveled on the ocean floor is not a problem anymore.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Fuji Systems, Japan, create artificial gills of the silicon membrane, air can penetrate, but the liquid can not, can filter out the oxygen in the water, dispose of CO2 at the same time, just like the gills of fish. In 2002, there are divers who managed to put on an artificial gill at the bottom of the water for 30 minutes.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">But because in the sea water contained only 1.5% oxygen, whereas oxygen prepared artificial gill is too low, not sufficient for human breath. Israeli scientists use to move a battery of high-speed centrifuges, after reducing the pressure of sea water could liberate more oxygen, but for divers, though no longer need to carry an oxygen tank, but still need to hold the battery and reducing the pressure gauges.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>5. Direct translation tool</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">SRI Company, USA, have developed a voice recognition software and translation IraqComm to U.S. forces in Iraq, while speaking Arabic and directed into the microphone, the computer immediately translate it into English and recite the language of translation.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Scientists at Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, USA, was making a similar system called Speechalator, can be used on a palm sized note book and PDAs. Although today's power is limited repertory, he said, but IraqComm communication aid for U.S. troops and Iraqis are very large.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>6. Penyirna coat body</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Humans in seeing an object is because the object has been blocking the passage of light waves. If the object is covered with a layer of special material that contains a negative refractive index, it could theoretically make a light without barriers continue to move forward, thus the object is visually gone.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Now science and technology standards have not been able to make people disappear, but it is possible to plan a coat penyirna body. Years ago, Duke University, USA, states can make metamaterials that can bend light, such penyirna material is made from a large number of synthetic material that resembles fiber glass and shaped with a horizontal arrangement of the system, can reverse the electromagnetic waves, by means of changing the beam of light to hide objects.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> Today, researchers successfully expanding area of <span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif";"></span>the region that might block light waves, sharp increases in the ability to cover the object. Metamaterials can be made in addition to coat penyirna body, can also be used in optical fiber communication, optical fiber made an estimated speed can increase at least 10 times the speed on line today.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>7. Private aircraft</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Aircraft considered by many scientists as a model of modern science and technology. Without the plane, can humans fly to the sky?</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">In 1920 a private aircraft have been developed, until the 60's, there are designing a personal aircraft capable of flying 30 seconds. Until 2008, the Martin Jetpack is designed by the Martin aircraft company, New Zealand, making the private plane is no longer part of science fiction comics.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Martin Jetpack provides two turbojet engine starter, driven using gasoline, a gallon of gasoline enough for the 30-minute flight, about 50 miles away. In addition the aircraft is also equipped with a parachute, no need to fear if damaged.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">The selling price of the aircraft is U.S. $ 100,000, predicted the fastest second half of this year could be marketed.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>8. Private spacecraft</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Besides private aircraft, there are people who want to have a personal spacecraft, any time can be floated into space to enjoy the beautiful moon and stars. In general, expensive spacecraft is on its fuel. Usually launching one rocket, fuel costs have reached U.S. $ 100 million. U.S. engineers, Leik Myrabo which turned out to have a new idea without the use of fuel.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Myrabo strives to study the microwave. He planned use of surface laser was fired toward the base of the spacecraft light-weight, can cause Explosive plasma, so the spacecraft onto the catapult. Predicted in 2025, with this new way of capital is only 1 / 1000 than now.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>9. Ultrasonic therapy appliance mini / portable</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">In the kungfu novel, high-knowledgeable people who can heal others by emitting energy in method. The medical community has been far today uses ultrasonic waves to check the condition of pregnant women, but today uses ultrasound to healing, has also become a new way of operating.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Lawrence Crum, a professor of the University of Washington, USA, which has successfully developed a kind of portable ultrasonic therapy equipment, through ultrasonic release of low-energy ultrasound, the condition of the injured blood vessels by ultrasonic waves has been found if there are symptoms of blood vessels bleed, these tools deliver more high-energy ultrasonic to create high heat and compress the blood vessels. This year he may conduct clinical trials of therapeutic equipment.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>10. Odor as a TV controller</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Far at the end of 1990 already at an early stage company that successfully researching techniques of synthetic smells, capable of making almost all the scents encountered every day. But on TV along with a change of image, how to prevent different scents are not mixed and transformed into other types of scent, and how to ward off the smell that will not disappear that have not been in sync with the images displayed.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Company method Xin Li, Japan is to avoid the nose, but directly attacking the brain. Inside the copyright, Xin Li using ultrasonic directly stimulate certain parts of the human brain, making the audience or the players think toy sniffing a particular scent. But the technique is still very primitive, the path to the future is still rather long.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-58311942127784723022011-01-21T18:48:00.001+07:002011-07-19T13:51:47.014+07:00Future Highways: Three Possible Futures for the Human Race<div style="text-align: justify;">There are three primary highways our future can take and an infinite number of detours possible along each path. The greatest number of these possibilities are just a repetition of our past, with enumerable rises and falls along the way (the higher the rise the harder the fall), spanning into the distant future. In this grouping of possibilities the present level of our civilization would be nothing more than a blip in history, receding in importance with the passage of time, probably acquiring the status of legend and myth, as did the Roman Empire throughout the subsequent dark ages.</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Then there is the much smaller set of possibilities in which homo sapiens become extinct. As much as this scenario is predicted and discussed among doomsdayers, the fact is we are a hard lot to kill. All it takes is a small pool of humans to survive and repopulate the gene pool. It is probable that in past ice ages our numbers dwindled dangerously low at times, but each time the ice receded and the archaeological evidence becomes rich with human expansion and development. It is important to emphasize, however, that when greater and greater lengths of time are considered, this remote possibility increases, until it reaches a point in the distant future when it becomes an absolute certainty. The only way to escape the certainty of our racial mortality is to move into the third highway of possible futures, transcendence.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Transcendence is a low-probability set of scenarios in which we acquire a form of civilization which can outlive our planet and any set of catastrophes which would eventually destroy us. This highly desirable future can take many forms, but all have several characteristics in common. All must be highly stable, but cannot be static or without ability to adapt and evolve. All must eventually take us away from a solar system which has a long but finite future. And any possible future in this category must allow us to develope a much higher state of mind and intelligence.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Following is an outline of all the possible futures I can envision and a few of their subsets.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Highway 1: Extinction (Highly unlikely, but becoming more probable over great lengths of time unless we find our way to Highway 3).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A. Extinction by Natural Event</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(1) Climate Change Has to be catastrophically extreme to achieve total extinction.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(2) Impact by asteroid or comet</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(3) Change in Solar Output, resulting in an uninhabitable Earth.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(4) Disease or Catastrophic Pandemic</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">B. Extinction Through Man-Made Event</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(1) Human-Induced Climate Change Once again this would have to be extreme.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(2) Nuclear Holocaust</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(3) Man-Made Illness</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">(4) Unforeseeable Catastrophic technology</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Highway 2: Status Quo (This will inevitably deadend at Highway 1 given enough time, unless</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">a path to Highway 3 is found).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A. Repetitious Rises and Falls</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">B. Stable civilization held together by some unforeseen social science or social philosophy,</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">but falling short of the third highway.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Highway 3: Transcendence (Highly desirable)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A. Interstellar Travel, maintaining our present physical form or biologically similar.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">B. Transfer of ourselves to an artificial form, capable of surviving independent of our planet and sun.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">C. Evolution, either natural or artificial, into a higher biological form able to devise new</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">and unforeseeable methods of survival.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Possibility 1 , Extinction by Natural Event. As I stated before, the possibility of extinction is extremely remote in the short term but dead certain in the long term without Transcendence. Of the two methods of extinction- man-made or natural- a natural event is much more likely to be the causative event. Excepting the biological or disease possibility, the amount of energy release required to wipe out 100% of the population is so enormous that until recently the human race could not have come close to matching it. Climate change by the natural cycles that shape our planet have long been thought to occur over long periods of time. Scientists are just now beginning to speculate that abrupt climate change, on an order that can reshape the world and in the span of fifty or a hundred years, is the norm and not the exception. To this author, this makes sense. I tend to side with the theories that massive climate change occurs when critical factors, such as ocean temperature and CO2 levels reach a certain point. I believe that when levels are reached in certain critical systems, chaotic effects rapidly escalate until a new equilibrium is reached: new average temperatures, new average rainfall, and different weather patterns. Is this enough to cause an extinction event? The fact is, many climate shifts have occurred since anatomically modern humans came into existence some 200,000 years ago. Enough survived to continue an adequate gene pool, and any shift we experience in the short-term we would likely survive again. Catastrophic climate changes, such as the one which is supposed to have occurred some 250 million years ago (it made the dinosaur event look like a picnic) are much rarer and their occurrence much more mysterious. It is much more likely that in the short-term (10,000 years or so) we would see our descendants reduced to the hunter-gatherer clans of 15,000 years ago than not see them at all due to climate change.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Mass extinctions by impact from asteroid or comet are exceedingly rare, and have probably occurred only a few times in the past 500 million years or so. Depending on the extraterrestrial body's density and content, it would require an object some ten miles in diameter to achieve this level of destructive force. Once again, however, we are talking averages and probabilities, and given a span of time long enough this will almost certainly occur again.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">As for a change in solar output large enough to make the planet uninhabitable current astrophysical models hold that this will not occur for between 1.1 billion and 3.5 billion years as its energy output slowly increases through natural stellar evolution. That is more than enough time either to achieve transcendence or die from some other means.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Large pandemics can cause huge misery, create enormous social upheaval, and bring down civilizations, but natural diseases are not known to cause extinction in higher mammals. This is a very improbable scenario, long or short-term.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Which brings us to man-made extinction events. This can be summed up nicely by stating that any such event would most probably bring society down to small enough numbers in isolated pockets that any such destructive event would rapidly lose potency to finish the job. This is not to say this could not occur but it is not a likely scenario.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In summary, an event catastrophic enough to bring our species to extinction is VERY unlikely in the short-term. The probability would remain high that pockets large enough to maintain the gene pool would survive most events. However, in the long-term the possibility becomes an absolute certainty that something, probably some large-scale natural extinction event, will end our occupancy of this planet. By then we will probably have evolved to one degree or another, we can only hope that we have found a road to the third highway mentioned here.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Possibility 2, Status Quo.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">This is statistically the most probable path our future will take for the foreseeable future. Looked at in a historical light, it is highly unlikely that our present level of civilization will continue beyond a few hundred years or so. History is rich with examples of rises and collapses. The pattern has always been in our ten thousand years or so of recorded history that it is inherent in our present nature that the societies we build are unstable in the long-term. The good news is that when a people or nation eventually do rebuild a new civilization they build upon the knowledge and experience gleaned from a previous one. "From the ashes rose...". Our present status as the greatest civilization ever built in our geologically short history is already showing signs of the same instabilities and cracks which began to show in another of history's greatest societies, the Roman Empire. To the people of the time, it must have seemed an indestructible part of the world they lived in. However, within a two century span of time, the Romans pulled back from every part of the world they occupied and in the struggle to find equilibrium within their own borders, slowly lost every manifestation of the great nation they had been. What followed were the centuries of barbarity, feudal kingdoms, and intellectual morass known as the dark ages. This period of history was earmarked by the Crusades, the Black Death, and an overall population decline from the richer period preceding it.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">There are two possible branches in the Status Quo scenario. One is a continuum of the repetitious cycles which have dominated the human race for thousands of years. A global, or near global, civilization followed by collapse as its flaws encompass and devour it. Then centuries of a drastically reduced population fully occupied by day to day subsistence. Some centuries later another light of civilization, repeating the cycle again and again down the ages until chance or nature brings us to extinction- ten thousand years from now or 100,000 years from now.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The other branch is a stable civilization held together by a philosophy or religion. This can be envisioned by remembering the great eastern societies of ancient China and Japan. The disciplined philosophies they lived by brought a great deal of stability to those societies and enabled them to survive virtually unchanged for thousands of years. Even so, this is a stagnant state of existence, and in the end leads nowhere.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Possibility 3, Transcendence</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">This one is left entirely to our imagination.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Science fiction is the richest source of ideas on where our road may possibly lead. The only limitation on our future, aside from our destructive tendencies, is the intelligence required to get there.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the end, unbridled Mind and intellect are the only things that will let us bypass the eventual fate of every species ever to exist on this planet. Natural evolution has brought us to a point in time where we are almost capable of dramatically altering our own future and world for the better. It seems that just enough flaws and short-comings have been left with us to always fall short of our loftiest goals. At this point we can no longer be dependent on nature to guide us the rest of the way to the finish line. We will have to take control of our own destiny now, with whatever that entails. The technologies we have created can both destroy us and lift us higher than we could dream. It is up to us to determine which it will be, and we will live or die by the results of our decisions.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Or we will continue indefinitely into the future, repeating the same mistakes and rebuilding what we eventually always destroy, until the next asteroid or catastrophic climate change ends the existence of the only self-aware species in the solar system's five billion year history.</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8843868858335648958.post-56410995019748755212011-01-08T21:03:00.000+07:002011-07-19T14:20:29.838+07:00Tribes In Kenya - Beautiful Or Ugly?<div id="article-content"> <div style="text-align: justify;">Kenya has more than 40 tribes. Their role is diminishing slowly, but the tribe is one of the main defining features of living in Kenya. On the one hand, everybody admires the sight of proud Masai warriors, dressed all red with their typical spears and shield. And tribes have social advantages, such as mutual help. On the other hand, the tribes in Kenya are holding the country back. This article provides some background information.</div><a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;"><b>The Big Picture Of Tribes In Kenya</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Family in Kenya is all-important. Big extended families live together and look after each other. Then comes your clan, your sub-tribe, and your tribe. Since Kenyan independence in 1963, the government has tried to create a national consciousness, stressing the idea that "we are all Kenyans". But as a result of the tribe system, national identity is very weak in Kenya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Kenyan tribes are mainly based on language. There are three language groups in which all the tribes can be divided: the Bantu, the Nilotic and the Cushitic speaking tribes. Well-known tribes that still follow the traditional lifestyles as the Masai, Samburu and Turkana tribes are Nilotic. However, many Kenyans speak three languages: their tribal language, English, and Swahili (which together with English is the official language in Kenya).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The biggest tribes are, respectively, the Kikuyu, Luhya, Luo, Kalenjin and Kamba (although exact numbers differ widely from source to source).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Tribes In Kenya: Pretty Or Ugly?</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Of course, I very much like to watch traditional tribal life. The Masai, Samburu, Turkana tribes people have magnificent colorful jewelry and clothes, impressive rituals, and beautiful songs. Experiencing this is for many one of the big reasons of coming to Kenya.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">But let's be honest. How many of the tourists who idealize the tribes in Kenya would be able to live that way themselves? Tribes also mean a belief in witchcraft (and better avoid being called a witch in Kenya!), female genital mutilation, and little individual freedom as the course of your whole life is already fixed at birth by tribal customs.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The "White Masai" movie has made this all too clear. It tells the real life story of a Swiss woman (Corinne Hofmann) who marries a Masai warrior and joins the traditional tribal life in his small village. During the first years, she shows a remarkable ability to adapt. She eats Masai food, sleeps in wooden shacks, and delivers their baby in the bush. But her husband feels increasingly threatened by her independence and abilities. When she opens a small shop in the village, he's jealous. He gets abusive and she finally has to flee with her daughter back to Switzerland.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Tribes In Kenya Business And Politics</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Besides culture, tribes play a main role in business and politics. Tribe members 'help' each other, and this goes from , to favoritism in the government and covering each others criminal activities. The Kikuyu dominate both business and politics. There are several reasons: they are the biggest tribe, have westernized to a big extent, are street-smart in business and the led the independence movement in the 1950s and 1960s. This independence movement became the first big political party, KANU, which dominated Kenyan politics for many decades.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The first president of Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta, as well as current president Mwai Kibaki are Kikuyu, and both have shown clear favoritism, if not outright corruption towards their tribesmen. Kenyatta used the land reforms after de departure of the British to make himself and his fellow clan members the biggest landowners of the country. Kibaki was elected in 2002 on the promise to end the ever-present corruption, but once in office did precious little to fight it. Instead, he adopted members of his Kikuyu clan throughout his administration. These people are known as the "Mount Kenya Maffia", after the home region of the Kikuyu around this mountain.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Many voters support a political candidate not because of his ideas or personal abilities, but because he's from the same tribe. Political parties are based on tribes, not on ideas. Elections often come down to the question: which tribe is going to exploit the other tribes? The election struggles of 2007-2008 in Kenya also had a tribal background: many non-Kikuyu voters thought that the Kikuyu (22% of the population) under had "eaten enough" (slang for stealing government funds) under the Kibaki government, and therefore supported a politician from the Luo tribe (Raila Odinga).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">While some people in the west romanticize the tribal life, seeing this as a 'purer' lifestyle which is more social and 'closer to nature', I personally am happy that I'm not a part of it, and I believe many Kenyans would benefit from a gradual roll-back of the tribe system.</div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0